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ʻO ka lele koa ʻeleʻele (Hermetia illucens, L. 1758) he pepeke detritivorous omnivorous me ka mana kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana organik waiwai nui i ka carbohydrate. Ma waena o nā kalapona, hilinaʻi nā lele koa ʻeleʻele i nā sugars soluble no ka ulu a me ka synthesis lipid. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka loiloi i nā hopena o nā kō i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ke ola ʻana, a me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka momona momona o nā lele koa ʻeleʻele. Hoʻohui kaʻawale i ka hānai moa me nā monosaccharides a me nā disaccharides. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cellulose ma ke ʻano he mana. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o nā larvae i hānai i ka glucose, fructose, sucrose, a me ka maltose ma mua o nā larvae control. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, he hopena antitinutritional ka lactose i nā larvae, hoʻolohi i ka ulu ʻana a hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ke kino. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka momona o nā kō i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma mua o ka poʻe i hānai i ka meaʻai hoʻomalu. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo nā kō i hoʻāʻo ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka profile fatty acid. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka maltose a me ka sucrose i ka momona momona momona ma mua o ka cellulose. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, hoʻonui ka lactose i ka bioaccumulation o nā meaʻai momona unsaturated. ʻO kēia haʻawina ka mea mua i hōʻike i ka hopena o ke kō i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻakika momona o nā larvae lele lele. Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena he hopena koʻikoʻi ka hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻana o ka carbohydrate i ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka waikawa momona o nā larvae lele lele a no laila e hoʻoholo ai i kā lākou noi hope.
Ke hoʻomau nei ka koi honua no ka ikehu a me ka protein holoholona1. I loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻomehana honua, pono e ʻimi i nā ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo hou aku i ka ikehu fossil a me nā ʻano hana meaʻai maʻamau i ka wā e hoʻonui ai i ka hana. Ke hoʻohiki nei nā insects i nā moho e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia ma muli o ko lākou haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mahiʻai holoholona kahiko2. Ma waena o nā pepeke, ʻo ka moho maikaʻi loa e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia, ʻo ia ka lele koa ʻeleʻele (BSF), Hermetia illucens (L. 1758), he ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe hiki ke hānai i nā ʻano substrate organik3. No laila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau substrates ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o BSF hiki ke hana i kahi kumu hou o nā kumuwaiwai e hoʻokō i nā pono o nā ʻoihana like ʻole.
Hiki i ka BSF larvae (BSFL) ke hānai i nā huahana mahiʻai a me nā ʻoihana agro-industrial e like me ka palaoa brewers, nā koena mea kanu, ka pulp hua a me ka berena stale, i kūpono loa no ka ulu ʻana o BSFL ma muli o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe carbohydrate (CH)4,5, 6 maʻiʻo. ʻO ka hana nui o ka BSFL ka hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ʻelua huahana: feces, kahi hui ʻana o nā koena substrate a me nā feces i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea kanu no ka kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu7, a me nā larvae, ka mea nui i haku ʻia me nā protein, lipids a me chitin. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā protein a me nā lipids i ka mahiʻai holoholona, biofuel a me nā mea hoʻonaninani8,9. No ka chitin, loaʻa kēia biopolymer i nā noi ma ka ʻāpana agri-food, biotechnology a me ka mālama olakino10.
He pepeke holometabolous autogenous ka BSF, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke kākoʻo piha ʻia kona metamorphosis a me ka hana hou ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pae e hoʻopau i ka ikehu o ka pōʻai ola o ka pepeke, e nā mea kanu meaʻai i hana ʻia i ka wā ulu larval11. ʻO ka mea hou aku, alakaʻi ka protein a me ka lipid synthesis i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kino momona, kahi mea mālama nui e hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu i ka wā o ka hānai ʻole ʻana o BSF: prepupa (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kaʻina larval hope i ka wā e huli ai nā larvae BSF i ʻeleʻele i ka wā e hānai ana a e ʻimi ana. no kahi kaiapuni kūpono no ka metamorphosis), nā pupae (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kahua non-motile i ka wā e hoʻololi ai ka nalo i ka metamorphosis), a me nā pākeke12,13. ʻO CH ke kumu ikehu nui i ka meaʻai o BSF14. Ma waena o kēia mau meaʻai, fibrous CH e like me ka hemicellulose, cellulose a me ka lignin, ʻaʻole like me disaccharides a me polysaccharides (e like me ka starch), ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia e BSFL15,16. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o CH he ʻanuʻu mua koʻikoʻi no ka ʻai ʻana o nā kaʻapona, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai i nā kō maʻalahi i loko o ka ʻōpū16. Hiki ke hoʻomoʻa ʻia ke kō maʻalahi (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka membrane peritrophic intestinal) a hana ʻia e hana i ka ikehu17. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, mālama nā larvae i ka ikehu nui e like me nā lipids i loko o ke kino momona12,18. ʻO nā lipids mālama i nā triglycerides (nā lipid neutral i hoʻokumu ʻia mai hoʻokahi mole glycerol a me ʻekolu mau momona momona) i hoʻohui ʻia e nā larvae mai nā kō maʻalahi. Hāʻawi kēia mau CH i nā substrates acetyl-CoA i koi ʻia no ka biosynthesis fatty acid (FA) ma o ka fatty acid synthase a me nā ala thioesterase19. ʻO ka moʻo momona momona o ka H. illucens lipids ua hoʻomalu maoliʻia e nā mea momona momona (SFA) me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka lauric acid (C12: 0)19,20. No laila, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lipid a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻakika momona ke lilo nei i mea palena palena no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā larvae holoʻokoʻa i ka hānai holoholona, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka iʻa kahi e pono ai ka polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)21.
Mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hiki o BSFL e hōʻemi i ka ʻōpala organik, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka waiwai o nā huahana like ʻole i ka hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana o ka BSFL e kāna ʻai. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka moʻolelo FA o H. illucens. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hiki ʻana o BSFL i ka bioaccumulate PUFA ma nā substrate waiwai nui o PUFA e like me nā algae, nā ʻōpala iʻa, a i ʻole nā meaʻai e like me ka flaxseed, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kiʻi FA kiʻekiʻe no ka meaʻai holoholona19,22,23. I ka hoʻohālikeʻana, no nā huahana i hoʻonuiʻoleʻia i ka PUFA,ʻaʻole i mau ka pilina ma waena o nā meaʻai FA profiles a me ka larval FA, e hōʻike ana i ka mana o nā meaʻai'ē aʻe24,25. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ka hopena o CH digestible ma nā ʻaoʻao FA a ma lalo o ka noiʻi24,25,26,27.
I ka maikaʻi o ko mākou ʻike, ʻoiai he nui nā monosaccharides a me nā disaccharides i ka ʻai a H. illucens, ʻaʻole maopopo i kā lākou kuleana meaʻai i ka meaʻai H. illucens. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina ʻo ia ka wehewehe ʻana i kā lākou hopena i ka meaʻai BSFL a me ka hoʻohui lipid. E loiloi mākou i ka ulu ʻana, ke ola ʻana, a me ka hoʻohua ʻana o nā larvae ma lalo o nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole. A laila, e wehewehe mākou i ka ʻike lipid a me ka moʻo momona momona o kēlā me kēia meaʻai e hōʻike i nā hopena o CH ma ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai BSFL.
Ua kuhi mākou e pili ana ke ʻano o ka CH i hoʻāʻo ʻia (1) ka ulu ʻana o ka larval, (2) ka nui o nā pae lipid, a (3) hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao FA. Hiki ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia nā monosaccharides, ʻoiai ʻo disaccharides pono e hydrolyzed. No laila, ʻoi aku ka loaʻa ʻana o nā monosaccharides ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu pololei a i ʻole precursors no ka lipogenesis ma o nā ala FA synthase a me thioesterase, ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka larval H. illucens a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā lipid mālama ʻia (ʻoi aku ka lauric acid).
Ua pili ka CH i ho'āʻo ʻia i ka awelika o ke kaumaha o ke kino i ka wā ulu (Fig. 1). Ua hoʻonui ʻo FRU, GLU, SUC a me MAL i ke kaumaha o ke kino larval e like me ka meaʻai hoʻomalu (CEL). I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo LAC a me GAL e hoʻopaneʻe i ka ulu ʻana o ka larval. ʻO ka mea nui, he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka LAC i ka ulu ʻana o ka larval i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me SUC i ka wā ulu: 9.16 ± 1.10 mg versus 15.00 ± 1.01 mg i ka lā 3 (F6,21 = 12.77, p <0.001; Fig. 1), 125.11 ± 4. mg a me 211.79 ± 14.93 mg, i kēlā me kēia, i ka lā 17 (F6,21 = 38.57, p <0.001; Fig. 1).
Ke hoʻohana nei i nā monosaccharides (fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), glucose (GLU)), disaccharides (lactose (LAC), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC)) a me cellulose (CEL) ma ke ʻano he mana. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o nā iʻa i hānai ʻia me nā ʻeleʻele lele koa ʻeleʻele. Hōʻike kēlā me kēia kiko ma ka pā i ka mean paona pākahi (mg) i helu ʻia ma ke kaupaona ʻana he 20 i koho ʻole ʻia mai ka heluna kanaka o 100 larvae (n = 4). Hōʻike ʻia nā pahu hewa iā SD.
Hāʻawi ka ʻai CEL i ke ola larval maikaʻi loa o 95.5 ± 3.8%. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻemi ʻia ke ola o ka H. illucens hānai i nā meaʻai i loaʻa iā CH soluble (GLM: χ = 107.13, df = 21, p <0.001), i hana ʻia e MAL a me SUC (disaccharides) i ka CH i aʻo ʻia. Ua emi ka make ma mua o ka GLU, FRU, GAL (monosaccharide), a me LAC (EMM: p <0.001, Kiʻi 2).
ʻO ka pahu pahu o ke ola ʻana o nā larvae lele ʻeleʻele i mālama ʻia me nā monosaccharides like ʻole (fructose, galactose, glucose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) a me cellulose ma ke ʻano he mana. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka leka hoʻokahi (EMM, p> 0.05).
ʻO nā meaʻai a pau i hoʻāʻo ʻia e hiki i nā larvae ke hiki i ka pae prepupal. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā CH i hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻolōʻihi i ka ulu ʻana o ka larval (F6,21=9.60, p<0.001; Papa 1). ʻO ka mea nui, ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka hānai ʻana i nā larvae i ka GAL a me LAC a hiki i ka pae prepupal i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā larvae i hānai ʻia ma CEL (CEL-GAL: p<0.001; CEL-LAC: p<0.001; Papa 1).
ʻO ka CH i ho'āʻoʻia he mau hopena likeʻole i ke kaumaha o ke kino o ke kino, me ke kaumaha o ke kino o ke kino i hānaiʻia i kaʻai CEL a hiki i ka 180.19 ± 11.35 mg (F6,21 = 16.86, p <0.001; Fig. 3). ʻO FRU, GLU, MAL a me SUC ka hopena o ke kaumaha o ke kino larval hope loa ma mua o 200 mg, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka CEL (p <0.05). I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, loaʻa i nā larvae hānai ʻo GAL a me LAC i nā kaumaha kino haʻahaʻa, ʻo 177.64 ± 4.23 mg a me 156.30 ± 2.59 mg, i kēlā me kēia (p <0.05). Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia hopena me LAC, kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kaumaha o ke kino ma mua o ka meaʻai mana (CEL-LAC: ʻokoʻa = 23.89 mg; p = 0.03; Kiʻi 3).
ʻO ke kaumaha hope loa o kēlā me kēia larvae i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he larval spots (mg) a me nā lele koa ʻeleʻele i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano histogram (g) hānai i nā monosaccharides like ʻole (fructose, galactose, glucose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) a me cellulose (ma ke ʻano he mana). Hōʻike nā leka kolamu i nā pūʻulu ʻokoʻa loa i ka nui o ke kaumaha larval (p <0.001). ʻO nā leka e pili ana i nā kiko larval e hōʻike ana i nā hui me nā mea kaupaona ʻokoʻa like ʻole (p <0.001). Hōʻike ʻia nā pahu hewa iā SD.
Ua kū'oko'a ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia kanaka mai ka nui loa o ke kaumaha o nā kolo larva. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ka nui o ke kaumaha larval i hana ʻia i loko o ka pahu i nā meaʻai me FRU, GLU, MAL, a me SUC (Figure 3). Eia naʻe, ua emi loa ka LAC i ka nui o ke kaumaha (CEL-LAC: ʻokoʻa = 9.14 g; p <0.001; Kiʻi 3).
Hōʻike ka Papa 1 i ka hua (larvae/lā). ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua like nā hua maikaʻi loa o CEL, MAL a me SUC (Table 1). Ma keʻano likeʻole, ua ho'ēmi ka FRU, GAL, GLU a me LAC i ka hua i hoʻohālikelikeʻia me CEL (Table 1). ʻO ka GAL a me LAC i hana i nā meaʻino loa: ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ka hua i ka hapalua wale nō 0.51 ± 0.09 g larvae / lā a me 0.48 ± 0.06 g larvae / lā, i kēlā me kēia (Table 1).
Ua hoʻonui ka monosaccharides a me nā disaccharides i ka lipid content o nā larvae CF (Table 1). Ma ka meaʻai CLE, ua loaʻa nā larvae me kahi maʻi lipid o 23.19 ± 0.70% o ka maʻi DM. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lipid maʻiʻo i loko o nā larvae i hānai ʻia me ke kō soluble ma mua o 30% (Paukū 1). Eia naʻe, hoʻonui nā CH i hoʻāʻo ʻia i kā lākou momona momona i ka nui like.
E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, pili nā kumuhana CG i ka ʻaoʻao FA o nā larvae i nā pae like ʻole (Fig. 4). Ua kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike SFA i nā meaʻai āpau a hiki i ka 60%. ʻO MAL a me SUC i kaulikeʻole i kaʻike FA, i alakaʻi i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka SFA maʻiʻo. Ma ka hihia o MAL, ma kekahiʻaoʻao, ua alakaʻi nuiʻia kēia imbalance i ka emiʻana o ka mea o ka monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (F6,21 = 7.47; p <0.001; Fig. 4). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, no SUC, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka emi ʻana ma waena o MUFA a me PUFA. Loaʻa nā hopena like ʻole o LAC a me MAL i ka spectrum FA (SFA: F6,21 = 8.74; p <0.001; MUFA: F6,21 = 7.47; p <0.001; PUFA: χ2 = 19.60; Df = 6; p <0.001; Kiʻi 4). ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka SFA i nā larvae hānai LAC e hoʻonui i ka ʻike MUFA. Ma keʻano nui, uaʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka MUFA i nā larvae hānai LAC i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā sugars soluble koe wale no GAL (F6,21 = 7.47; p <0.001; Kiʻi 4).
Ke hoʻohana nei i nā monosaccharides like ʻole (fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), glucose (GLU)), disaccharides (lactose (LAC), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC)) a me cellulose (CEL) ma ke ʻano he mana, pahu pahu o ka momona momona. haku mele i hānai ʻia i nā larvae lele koa ʻeleʻele. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ke ʻano he pākēneka o ka nui o FAME. ʻOkoʻa loa nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kaha ʻia me nā leka like ʻole (p <0.001). (a) Ka māhele o nā ʻakika momona momona; (b) Nā ʻakika momona monounsaturated; (c) Nā ʻakika momona polyunsaturated.
Ma waena o nā ʻakika momona i ʻike ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lauric acid (C12:0) ma nā kikoʻī āpau i ʻike ʻia (ʻoi aku ma mua o 40%). ʻO nā SFA ʻē aʻe i kēia manawa he palmitic acid (C16: 0) (emi iho ma mua o 10%), stearic acid (C18: 0) (emi ma lalo o 2.5%) a me ka waikawa capric (C10: 0) (emi ma lalo o 1.5%). Ua hōʻike nui ʻia nā MUFA e ka ʻakika oleic (C18:1n9) (emi iho ma mua o 9.5%), ʻoiai ʻo PUFA ka nui o ka linoleic acid (C18:2n6) (emi ma mua o 13.0%) (e ʻike i ka Papa Hoʻohui S1). Eia hou, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o nā pūhui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka spectra o nā larvae CEL, kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka helu 9 (UND9) no ka awelika o 2.46 ± 0.52% (e nānā i ka Papa Hoʻohui S1). Manaʻo ka loiloi GC×GC-FID he 20-carbon fatty acid me ʻelima a ʻeono mau paʻa pālua (e nānā i ke Kiʻi S5).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike PERMANOVA i ʻekolu mau pūʻulu ʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā profiles fatty acid (F6,21 = 7.79, p <0.001; Kiʻi 5). Hōʻike ʻia kēia mea a wehewehe ʻia e nā ʻāpana ʻelua (Figure 5). Ua wehewehe nā mea nui i ka 57.9% o ka ʻokoʻa a ua hoʻokomo ʻia, ma ke ʻano o ka mea nui, lauric acid (C12:0), oleic acid (C18:1n9), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), a linolenic acid (C18:3n3) (e nānā i ke Kiʻi S4). Ua wehewehe ka ʻāpana ʻelua i ka 26.3% o ka ʻokoʻa a ua hoʻokomo ʻia, ma ke ʻano o ke koʻikoʻi, ka waikawa decanoic (C10: 0) a me ka waikawa linoleic (C18: 2n6 cis) (e nānā i ke Kiʻi S4). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā moʻolelo o nā meaʻai i loaʻa i nā sugars maʻalahi (FRU, GAL a me GLU). I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua hāʻawi nā disaccharides i nā moʻolelo like ʻole: MAL a me SUC ma kekahi lima a me LAC ma kekahi. ʻO ka mea kūikawā, ʻo MAL wale nō ke kō i hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao FA i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me CEL. Eia kekahi, ua ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻaoʻao MAL mai nā ʻaoʻao FRU a me GLU. Ma keʻano kūikawā, ua hōʻike ka ʻaoʻao MAL i ka hapa kiʻekiʻe o C12: 0 (54.59 ± 2.17%), e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me CEL (43.10 ± 5.01%), LAC (43.35 ± 1.31%), FRU (48.90 ± 1.97%) a GLU (48.38 ± 2.17%) profiles (e nānā i ka Papa Hoʻohui S1). Ua hōʻike pū ka spectrum MAL i ka haʻahaʻa C18: 1n9 maʻiʻo (9.52 ± 0.50%), i hoʻokaʻawale hou iā ia mai ka LAC (12.86 ± 0.52%) a me CEL (12.40 ± 1.31%) spectra. Ua nānā ʻia kahi ʻano like no C16:0. Ma ka lua o ka māhele, ua hōʻike ka LAC spectrum i ka C18: 2n6 kiʻekiʻe loa (17.22 ± 0.46%), aʻo MAL i hōʻike i ka haʻahaʻa (12.58 ± 0.67%). ʻO C18:2n6 hoʻi i hoʻokaʻawale i ka LAC mai ka mana (CEL), i hōʻike i nā pae haʻahaʻa (13.41 ± 2.48%) (e nānā i ka Papa Hoʻohui S1).
ʻO ka ʻāpana PCA o ka moʻolelo momona momona o nā larvae lele lele me nā monosaccharides like ʻole (fructose, galactose, glucose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) a me ka cellulose ma ke ʻano he mana.
No ke aʻo ʻana i nā hopena meaʻai o nā kō i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka H. illucens larvae, cellulose (CEL) i ka hānai moa ua hoʻololi ʻia me ka glucose (GLU), fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC), a lactose (LAC). Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā hopena o nā monosaccharides a me nā disaccharides i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ke ola ʻana, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā larvae HF. No ka laʻana, ʻo GLU, FRU, a me kā lākou mau ʻano disaccharide (MAL a me SUC) i hoʻokō i nā hopena kākoʻo maikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka larval, e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā paona kino hope loa ma mua o CEL. ʻAʻole e like me ka CEL indigestible, GLU, FRU, a me SUC hiki ke kāpae i ka pale ʻōpū a lilo i kumu waiwai nui i nā meaʻai i kūkulu ʻia16,28. Loaʻa ʻole ʻo MAL i nā mea lawe holoholona kikoʻī a manaʻo ʻia e hydrolyzed i ʻelua mau mole mole glucose ma mua o ka assimilation15. Mālama ʻia kēia mau mole i loko o ke kino pepeke ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu pololei a i ʻole he lipids18. ʻO ka mea mua, e pili ana i ka mea hope, ʻo kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa intramodal i ʻike ʻia ma muli o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka male kāne. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma H. illucens, hiki ke hoʻohua wale ʻia ka hānau ʻana: ʻo ka wahine makua, ua lawa ka mālama ʻana i nā hua manu a ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o nā kāne29. Eia naʻe, hoʻopili ʻia ka lipid accumulation ma BSFL me ka meaʻai hoʻoheheʻe CH2 intake, e like me ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia no GLU a me xylose26,30. Eia kekahi laʻana, uaʻikeʻo Li et al.30 i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai ka 8% GLU i kaʻai larval, ua hoʻonuiʻia ka lipid content o BSF larvae e 7.78% i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā mana. Ua kūlike kā mākou mau hopena me kēia mau ʻike, e hōʻike ana i ka momona o ka momona i hānai ʻia i ke kō i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea i hānai ʻia i ka meaʻai CEL, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o 8.57% me ka GLU supplementation. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua ʻike ʻia nā hopena like i nā larvae i hānai iā GAL a me LAC, ʻoiai nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka ulu ʻana o ka larval, ke kaumaha o ke kino hope, a me ke ola. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka LAC i hānai ʻia ma mua o ka poʻe i hānai ʻia i ka meaʻai CEL, akā ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ko lākou momona momona me nā larvae i hānai ʻia i nā kō i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i nā hopena antinutritional o ka lactose ma BSFL. ʻO ka mea mua, loaʻa i ka meaʻai ka nui o CH. Hiki i nā ʻōnaehana absorption a me ka hydrolysis o nā monosaccharides a me disaccharides, kēlā me kēia, hiki i ka saturation, e hoʻopiʻi ai i nā bottlenecks i ke kaʻina assimilation. No ka hydrolysis, lawe ʻia e α- a me β-glucosidases 31. ʻOi aku ka makemake o kēia mau enzymes i nā substrate ma muli o ko lākou nui a me nā paʻa kemika (α a i ʻole β loulou) ma waena o kā lākou monosaccharides 15. Lawe ʻia ka hydrolysis o LAC i GLU a me GAL e β-galactosidase, he enzyme nona ka hana i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻōpū o BSF 32. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa paha kāna hōʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka LAC i hoʻopau ʻia e nā larvae. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hiki i ka α-glucosidase maltase a me ka sucrase 15, ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i loko o nā pepeke, hiki ke wāwahi i ka nui o ka MAL a me ka sucrose SUC, a laila e kaupalena ʻia kēia hopena hoʻonā. ʻO ka lua, ʻo nā hopena antitinutritional paha ma muli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka hana amylase insect intestinal a me ka lohi o ka hānai ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka hana enzyme nui no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā pepeke, e like me ka amylase, a me nā mea hoʻoulu i ka pane hānai33,34,35. ʻOkoʻa ka degere o ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma muli o ke ʻano molekala o ke kō. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono nā disaccharides i ka hydrolysis ma mua o ka lawe ʻana a makemake e hoʻoulu i ka amylase ma mua o kā lākou monosaccharides. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka LAC a ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke kākoʻo i ka ulu ʻana o nā pepeke ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole33,35. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka pest Spodoptera exigua (Boddie 1850), ʻaʻohe hana hydrolytic o LAC i ʻike ʻia ma nā unuhi o nā enzymes midgut caterpillar36.
E pili ana i ka spectrum FA, hōʻike kā mākou hopena i nā hopena modulatory koʻikoʻi o ka CH i hoʻāʻo ʻia. ʻOiai, ʻoiai ʻo ka lauric acid (C12: 0) i emi iho ma lalo o 1% o ka nui o ka FA i ka meaʻai, ua lanakila ʻo ia ma nā ʻaoʻao āpau (e nānā i ka Papa Hoʻohui S1). Kūlike kēia me ka ʻikepili mua i hoʻohui ʻia ka lauric acid mai ka meaʻai CH ma H. illucens ma o ke ala e pili ana i ka acetyl-CoA carboxylase a me FA synthase19,27,37. Ua hōʻoia kā mākou mau hualoaʻa ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo CEL a hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he "bulking agent" i nā meaʻai hoʻomalu BSF, e like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma nā haʻawina BSFL38,39,40. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka CEL me nā monosaccharides a me nā disaccharides ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka LAC i hoʻonui i ka ratio C12: 0, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o CH e nā larvae. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka disaccharides MAL a me SUC i ka lauric acid synthesis ma mua o kā lākou monosaccharides constituent, e hōʻike ana ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka polymerization o GLU a me FRU, a no ka mea ʻo Drosophila wale nō ka mea lawe sucrose i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano protein holoholona, nā mea lawe disaccharide. ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i ka ʻōpū o H. illucens larvae15, hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o GLU a me FRU. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka GLU a me ka FRU e ka BSF, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka metabolized e nā substrates a me nā microorganism gut, hiki ke hopena i ko lākou wikiwiki wikiwiki a hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana e nā larvae i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me disaccharides.
I ka nānā mua ʻana, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka maʻi lipid o nā larvae hānai iā LAC a me MAL, e hōʻike ana i ka bioavailability like o kēia mau kō. Eia naʻe, kahaha, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka ʻaoʻao FA o LAC i ka SFA, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa C12:0 maʻiʻo, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me MAL. Hoʻokahi kuhiakau e wehewehe i kēia ʻokoʻa, hiki i ka LAC ke hoʻoulu i ka bioaccumulation o FA meaʻai ma o acetyl-CoA FA synthase. Ke kākoʻo nei i kēia kuhiakau, ua loaʻa i nā larvae LAC ka decanoate haʻahaʻa (C10: 0) ratio (0.77 ± 0.13%) ma mua o ka meaʻai CEL (1.27 ± 0.16%), e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o FA synthase a me nā hana thioesterase19. ʻO ka lua, ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻakika momona meaʻai ke kumu nui e hoʻopili ai i ka haku SFA o H. illucens27. I kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua, ʻo ka linoleic acid (C18: 2n6) i helu ʻia no 54.81% o nā mea momona meaʻai, me ka nui o ka larvae LAC he 17.22 ± 0.46% a ma MAL 12.58 ± 0.67%. ʻO ka waika Oleic (cis + trans C18: 1n9) (23.22% i ka meaʻai) hōʻike i kahi ʻano like. Kākoʻo pū ka lakio o ka α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) i ke kuhiakau bioaccumulation. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻakika momona e hōʻiliʻili i ka BSFL ma ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka substrate, e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka keke flaxseed, a hiki i ka 6-9% o ka nui o nā waikawa momona i loko o nā larvae19. I nā meaʻai waiwai, hiki i ka C18:3n3 ke helu i ka 35% o ka nui o nā mea momona momona. Eia nō naʻe, i kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻo C18:3n3 wale nō ka 2.51% o ka ʻikepili momona momona. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻāpana i loaʻa i ke ʻano i loko o kā mākou larvae, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kēia māhele ma LAC larvae (0.87 ± 0.02%) ma mua o MAL (0.49 ± 0.04%) (p <0.001; e ʻike i ka Papa Hoʻohui S1). ʻO ka ʻai CEL he hapa waena o 0.72 ± 0.18%. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka lākiō palmitic acid (C16:0) i loko o CF larvae e hōʻike ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā ala synthetic a me ka meaʻai FA19. Hoc et al. Ua ʻike ʻo 19 ua hoʻemi ʻia ka synthesis C16: 0 i ka wā i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka meaʻai me ka ʻai flaxseed, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka substrate acetyl-CoA ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka ratio CH. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ʻoiai ua like nā meaʻai ʻelua i ka CH content a ua hōʻike ʻo MAL i ka bioavailability kiʻekiʻe, hōʻike nā larvae MAL i ka haʻahaʻa C16: 0 ratio (10.46 ± 0.77%), akā ʻo LAC i hōʻike i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e helu ana no 12.85 ± 0.27% (p <0.05; ʻike. Papa Pākuʻi S1). Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka hopena paʻakikī o nā meaʻai i ka digestion a me ka metabolism BSFL. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia kumuhana ma Lepidoptera ma mua o Diptera. I loko o nā anuhe, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo LAC he mea hoʻonāwaliwali i ka hana hānai ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā sugar soluble e like me SUC a me FRU34,35. ʻO ka mea nui, ma Spodopteralittoralis (Boisduval 1833), hoʻoulu ka hoʻohana ʻana o MAL i ka hana amylolytic i loko o ka ʻōpū a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o LAC34. Hiki i nā hopena like i ka BSFL ke wehewehe i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka C12: 0 synthetic ala i loko o nā larvae MAL, e pili ana me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka CH intestinally absorbed, ka hānai lōʻihi, a me ka hana amylase intestinal. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu hānai i mua o ka LAC hiki ke wehewehe i ka ulu lohi o nā larvae LAC. Eia kekahi, ʻo Liu Yanxia et al. Ua ʻike ʻo 27 ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā lipids i loko o nā substrates H. illucens ma mua o ko CH. No laila, hiki ke hilinaʻi nui nā larvae LAC i nā lipid meaʻai e hoʻopau i ko lākou ulu ʻana, hiki ke hoʻonui i kā lākou ʻike lipid hope a hoʻololi i kā lākou ʻano momona momona.
I ka maikaʻi o kā mākou ʻike, he liʻiliʻi wale nā haʻawina i hoʻāʻo i nā hopena o ka monosaccharide a me ka disaccharide hoʻohui i nā meaʻai BSF ma kā lākou ʻaoʻao FA. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo Li et al. 30 i ka hopena o ka GLU a me ka xylose a nānā i nā pae lipid e like me kā mākou ma kahi helu hoʻohui 8%. ʻAʻole i kikoʻī ʻia ka ʻaoʻao FA a loaʻa ka hapa nui o SFA, akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia ma waena o nā kō ʻelua a i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai i ka manawa like30. Eia kekahi, ʻo Cohn et al. 41 ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ka hopena o 20% GLU, SUC, FRU a me GAL hoʻohui i ka hānai moa ma nā ʻaoʻao FA. Loaʻa ʻia kēia mau kikoʻī mai ka ʻenehana ma mua o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka biological, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana e nā mea kākau, hiki ke kaupalena i ka ʻikepili helu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nele o ka mana iso-sugar (me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā CEL) e kaupalena i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena. I kēia mau lā, ʻelua mau haʻawina e Nugroho RA et al. hōʻike i nā anomalies i ka FA spectra42,43. Ma ka haʻawina mua, Nugroho RA et al. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo 43 i ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka FRU i ka ʻai ʻala pāma fermented. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao FA o nā larvae i loaʻa i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o PUFA, ʻoi aku ma mua o 90% o ia mau mea i loaʻa mai ka meaʻai i loaʻa ka 10% FRU (e like me kā mākou haʻawina). ʻOiai ua loaʻa i kēia meaʻai nā pellet iʻa momona PUFA, ʻaʻole i kūlike nā koina FA i hōʻike ʻia o nā larvae ma ka papaʻai hoʻomalu e pili ana i ka 100% PCM fermented me kekahi ʻaoʻao i hōʻike mua ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pae abnormal o C18:3n3 o 17.77 ± 1.67% a me 26.08 ± 0.20% no ka waikawa linoleic conjugated (C18:2n6t), a ka isomer laha ole o ka linoleic acid. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina ʻelua i nā hopena like me FRU, GLU, MAL a me SUC42 i loko o ka ʻai ʻala pāma fermented. ʻO kēia mau haʻawina, e like me kā mākou, hōʻike i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hopena mai nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka meaʻai larval BSF, e like me nā koho hoʻomalu, nā pilina me nā kumu meaʻai ʻē aʻe, a me nā ʻano loiloi FA.
I ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua, ʻike mākou ua ʻokoʻa ke kala a me ke ʻala o ka substrate ma muli o ka meaʻai i hoʻohana ʻia. Hōʻike kēia i hiki i nā microorganism ke pāʻani i nā hopena i ʻike ʻia ma ka substrate a me ka ʻōnaehana digestive o nā larvae. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua maʻalahi ka monosaccharides a me nā disaccharides e ka colonizing microorganisms. ʻO ka hoʻohana wikiwiki ʻana i nā kō i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā microorganism hiki ke hopena i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka nui o nā huahana metabolic microbial e like me ka ethanol, lactic acid, nā ʻakika momona pōkole (e laʻa i ka acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid) a me carbon dioxide44. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau pūhui ke kuleana no nā hopena ʻawaʻawa make ma luna o nā larvae i ʻike pū ʻia e Cohn et al.41 ma lalo o nā kūlana ulu like. No ka laʻana, he mea pōʻino ka ethanol i nā pepeke45. ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kalapona kalapona i hiki ke hopena i kona hōʻiliʻili ʻana ma lalo o ka pahu, hiki ke hoʻonele i ka lewa o ka oxygen inā ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ea. E pili ana i nā SCFA, ʻaʻole i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ko lākou hopena i nā inike, ʻoi aku ka H. illucens, ʻoiai ua hōʻike ʻia ka lactic acid, propionic acid, a me butyric acid i mea make ma Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius 1775)46. Ma Drosophila melanogaster Meigen 1830, he mau hōʻailona olfactory kēia SCFA e alakaʻi ana i nā wahine i nā wahi oviposition, e hōʻike ana i kahi kuleana maikaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka larval47. Eia naʻe, ua helu ʻia ka ʻakika acetic ma ke ʻano he mea pōʻino a hiki ke kaʻe nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka larval47. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka lactate i loaʻa i ka microbially i loaʻa kahi hopena pale e kūʻē i nā microbes gut invasive ma Drosophila48. Eia kekahi, hoʻokani pū nā microorganisms i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o CH i nā insects49. ʻO nā hopena physiological o SCFA ma ka microbiota gut, e like me ka helu hānai a me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene, ua wehewehe ʻia i nā vertebrates 50. Loaʻa paha iā lākou ka hopena trophic ma ka H. illucens larvae a hiki ke kōkua i kekahi hapa i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā profiles FA. ʻO nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā hopena meaʻai o kēia mau huahana fermentation microbial e wehewehe i ko lākou hopena i ka meaʻai H. illucens a hāʻawi i kumu no nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana i nā microorganisms pono a i ʻole nā mea pōʻino e pili ana i ko lākou ulu ʻana a me ka waiwai o nā substrate waiwai FA. Ma kēia ʻano, ke aʻo nui ʻia nei ka hana o nā microorganism i nā kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā iniseti mahiʻai nui. Hoʻomaka ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā pepeke e like me nā bioreactors, e hāʻawi ana i nā kūlana pH a me ka oxygenation e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā microorganisms kūikawā i ka degradation a i ʻole detoxification o nā meaʻai e paʻakikī i nā iniseti ke hoʻoheheʻe 51. I kēia mau lā, ua hōʻike ʻo Xiang et al.52, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka inoculation o ka ʻōpala organik me kahi hui bacteria e hiki ai iā CF ke huki i ka bacteria kūikawā i ka lignoscellulose degradation, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i kona degradation i loko o ka substrate i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā substrates me ka ʻole o nā larvae.
ʻO ka hope, e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka ʻōpala organik e H. illucens, ʻo ka CEL a me SUC meaʻai i hoʻopuka i ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa o nā larvae i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoiai ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hope loa o kēlā me kēia kanaka, ʻo ka nui o ke kaumaha larval i hana ʻia ma kahi substrate me ka CH indigestible e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mea i loaʻa ma ka meaʻai homosaccharide i loaʻa nā monosaccharides a me nā disaccharides. I kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua lawa nā pae o nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe e kākoʻo i ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna larva a e kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o CEL. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka hana hope o nā larvae, e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ke koho ʻana i ka hoʻolālā kūpono no ka pale ʻana i nā iniseti. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā larvae CEL i hānai ʻia me ka meaʻai holoʻokoʻa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i meaʻai holoholona ma muli o ko lākou momona haʻahaʻa a me nā pae lauric acid haʻahaʻa, akā ʻo nā larvae i hānai ʻia me nā meaʻai SUC a MAL paha e pono ai ka defatting ma ke kaomi ʻana e hoʻonui i ka waiwai o ka aila, ʻoi aku ka biofuel. ʻāpana. Loaʻa ʻia ʻo LAC i nā huahana waiu e like me ka whey mai ka hana ʻana i ka tiiki. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻonui kona hoʻohana ʻana (3.5% lactose) i ke kaumaha o ke kino larval hope53. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻai hoʻomalu i loko o kēia haʻawina i loaʻa i ka hapalua o ka maʻi lipid. No laila, ua pale ʻia nā hopena antitinutritional o LAC e ka bioaccumulation larval o nā lipid meaʻai.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā haʻawina mua, ʻo nā waiwai o nā monosaccharides a me nā disaccharides e hoʻopilikia nui i ka ulu ʻana o BSFL a hoʻololi i kāna ʻaoʻao FA. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻike ʻia ʻo LAC i kahi hana antinutritional i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka larval ma ke kaupalena ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o CH no ka absorption lipid meaʻai, a laila e hoʻolaha ana i ka bioaccumulation UFA. Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, he mea maikaʻi ke hana i nā bioassays me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaʻai e hui pū ana me PUFA a me LAC. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kuleana o nā microorganisms, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka microbial metabolites (e like me SCFAs) i loaʻa mai nā kaʻina hana fermentation kō, he kumuhana noiʻi kūpono no ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana.
Ua loaʻa nā insects mai ka BSF colony o ka Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 2017 ma Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium (no nā kikoʻī hou aku e pili ana i nā ʻano hana hānai, e ʻike iā Hoc et al. 19). No nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka 2.0 g o nā hua BSF i kēlā me kēia lā mai nā hīnaʻi hoʻohua a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o 2.0 kg o 70% hānai moa mākū (Aveve, Leuven, Belgium). ʻElima mau lā ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā larvae mai ka substrate a helu ʻia me ka lima no nā hana hoʻokolohua. Ua ana ʻia ke kaumaha mua o kēlā me kēia pūʻulu. ʻO ka awelika kaumaha o kēlā me kēia kanaka he 7.125 ± 0.41 mg, a ʻo ka awelika no kēlā me kēia lapaʻau e hōʻike ʻia ma ka Pākaukau S2.
Ua hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano meaʻai mai ke aʻo ʻana e Barragan-Fonseca et al. 38 . ʻO ka pōkole, ua loaʻa kahi kuʻikahi ma waena o ka maikaʻi hānai like no nā moa larval, maʻiʻo maloʻo like (DM), kiʻekiʻe CH (10% ma muli o ka meaʻai hou) a me ke ʻano, no ka mea ʻaʻohe ʻano kikokikona o nā sugars maʻalahi a me nā disaccharides. Wahi a ka ʻike a ka mea hana (Chicken Feed, AVEVE, Leuven, Belgium), ua hoʻohui ʻia ka CH i hoʻāʻo ʻia (ʻo ia hoʻi ke kō soluble) i hoʻohui ʻia ma ke ʻano he wai wai autoclaved (15.9%) i kahi meaʻai i loaʻa he 16.0% protein, 5.0% ka nui o nā lipid, He 11.9% ka ai moa o ka lepo me ka lehu a me ka fiber 4.8%. I loko o kēlā me kēia pahu 750 ml (17.20 × 11.50 × 6.00 cm, AVA, Tempsee, Belgium), 101.9 g o ka hopena CH autoclaved i hui pū ʻia me 37.8 g o ka hānai moa. No kēlā me kēia meaʻai, ʻo 37.0% ka mea maloʻo, me ka protein homogeneous (11.7%), nā lipid homogeneous (3.7%) a me nā sugars homogeneous (26.9% o CH i hoʻohui ʻia). ʻO ka CH i ho'āʻoʻia he glucose (GLU), fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC) a me ka lactose (LAC). ʻO ka meaʻai hoʻomalu he cellulose (CEL), i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻai no ka H. illucens larvae 38. Hoʻokahi haneli 5 mau lā i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi poʻi me kahi puka 1 knm anawaena ma waena a uhi ʻia me kahi ʻupena makika. ʻEhā manawa hou ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻai.
Ua ana ʻia nā paona larval ʻekolu lā ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻokolohua. No kēlā me kēia ana, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā larvae 20 mai ka substrate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai mehana sterile a me nā forceps, maloʻo, a kaupaona ʻia (STX223, Ohaus Scout, Parsippany, USA). Ma hope o ke kaupaona ʻana, hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā larvae i ke kikowaena o ka substrate. Lawe mau ʻia nā ana ʻekolu manawa i ka pule a hiki i ka puka ʻana o ka prepupa mua. I kēia manawa, e hōʻiliʻili, e helu, a e kaupaona i nā larvae a pau e like me ka mea i wehewehe mua ʻia. E hoʻokaʻawale i ka pae 6 o nā ʻōpala (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻupena keʻokeʻo e pili ana i ke kaʻina larva ma mua o ka wā prepupal) a me ka prepupae (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kaʻina larval hope loa i ʻeleʻele ai nā ʻōpala BSF, hoʻōki i ka hānai ʻana, a ʻimi i kahi kūpono no ka metamorphosis) a mālama ma - 18°C no ke kālailai haku mele. Ua helu 'ia ka hua e like me ka lakio o ka huina nui o na pepeke (larvae a me prepupae o ka pae 6) i loaa no ka ipu (g) i ka manawa hooulu (d). Hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai āpau ma ka kikokikona e like me: mean ± SD.
ʻO nā ʻanuʻu hope a pau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe (hexane (Hex), chloroform (CHCl3), methanol (MeOH)) i hana ʻia ma lalo o kahi puʻupuʻu fume a pono e hoʻohana i nā mīkina lima nitrile, nā pale a me nā aniani palekana.
Hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā larvae keʻokeʻo i loko o kahi mea maloʻo maloʻo FreeZone6 (Labconco Corp., Kansas City, MO, USA) no 72 mau hola a laila lepo (IKA A10, Staufen, Kelemānia). Ua unuhiʻia ka nui o nā lipids mai ka ± 1 g o ka pauka me ka hoʻohanaʻana i keʻano Folch 54. Ua hoʻoholoʻia ke koena o ke koena o kēlā me kēia lyophilized sample me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka moisture analyzer (MA 150, Sartorius, Göttiggen, Germany) e hoʻoponopono i ka nui o nā lipids.
Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā lipid holoʻokoʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic no ka loaʻa ʻana o fatty acid methyl esters. ʻO ka pōkole, ma kahi o 10 mg lipids/100 µl CHCl3 solution (100 µl) i hoʻopau ʻia me ka nitrogen i loko o kahi paipu 8 ml Pyrex© (SciLabware - DWK Life Sciences, London, UK). Hoʻokomo ʻia ka paipu i loko o Hex (0.5 ml) (PESTINORM®SUPRATRACE n-Hexane > 95% no ka nānā ʻana i nā trace organic, VWR Chemicals, Radnor, PA, USA) a me Hex/MeOH/BF3 (20/25/55) solution (0.5). ml) i loko o kahi ʻauʻau wai ma 70 ° C no 90 min. Ma hope o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, ua hoʻohui ʻia he 10% wai wai H2SO4 (0.2 ml) a me ka solution NaCl saturated (0.5 ml). Hoʻohui i ka paipu a hoʻopiha i ka hui me ka Hex maʻemaʻe (8.0 mL). Ua hoʻoili ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka pae kiʻekiʻe i kahi hue a nānā ʻia e ka chromatography kinoea me kahi mea ʻike ionization flame (GC-FID). Ua kālailai ʻia nā laʻana me ka Trace GC Ultra (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) i hoʻolako ʻia me ka injector split/splitless (240 °C) ma ke ʻano māhele (split flow: 10 mL/min), kahi kolamu Stabilwax®-DA ( 30 m, 0.25 mm id, 0.25 μm, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, PA, USA) a me kahi FID (250 °C). Ua hoʻonohonohoʻia ka papahana mahana penei: 50 °C no 1 min, e hoʻonui i 150 °C ma 30 °C / min, e hoʻonui i 240 °C ma 4 °C / min a hoʻomau i ka 240 °C no 5 min. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Hex ma ke ʻano he blank a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi maʻamau kuhikuhi i loaʻa nā 37 fatty acid methyl esters (Supelco 37-component FAMEmix, Sigma-Aldrich, Overijse, Belgium) no ka ʻike. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻakika momona ʻole (UFA) e ka GC piha ʻelua-dimensional (GC × GC-FID) a ua hoʻoholo pololei ʻia ka hele ʻana o nā isomers e kahi hoʻololi liʻiliʻi o ke ʻano o Ferrara et al. 55. Hiki ke loa'a nā kiko'ī mea hana ma ka Pā'ālua S3 a me nā hualoa'a ma ke Ki'i S5.
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili ma ka format spreadsheet Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). Hana ʻia ka ʻikepili helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā R Studio (version 2023.12.1+402, Boston, USA) 56 . Ua helu ʻia nā ʻikepili e pili ana i ke kaumaha o ka larval, ka manawa hoʻomohala a me ka huahana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike laina (LM) (kauoha "lm", R pūʻolo "stats" 56 ) no ka mea ua kūpono lākou i ka puʻunaue Gaussian. Ua helu ʻia nā helu ola me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi kumu hoʻohālike binomial me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike laina maʻamau (GLM) (kauoha “glm”, pūʻulu R “lme4” 57). Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka maʻamau a me ka homoscedasticity me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo Shapiro (kauoha "shapiro.test", R package "stats" 56) a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa ʻikepili (kauoha betadisper, R package "vegan" 58). Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻelua o nā waiwai p koʻikoʻi (p <0.05) mai ka hōʻike LM a i ʻole GLM, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā hui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo EMM (kauoha "emmeans", R package "emmeans" 59).
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka kikoʻī FA piha me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi permutation multivariate o ka ʻokoʻa (ie permMANOVA; kauoha "adonis2", R package "vegan" 58) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka matrix mamao Euclidean a me 999 permutations. Kōkua kēia i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻakika momona i hoʻopili ʻia e ke ʻano o nā meaʻai kaʻa. Hoʻopili hou ʻia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i nā profile FA me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻohālikelike pālua. A laila, ʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili kumu nui (PCA) (kauoha "PCA", pūʻulu R "FactoMineR" 60). Ua ʻike ʻia ke kuleana o ka FA no kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma ka unuhi ʻana i nā pōʻai pili. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kēia mau moho me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano loiloi ʻokoʻa hoʻokahi (ANOVA) (kauoha "aov", R pūʻolo "stats" 56 ) a ukali ʻia e Tukey's post hoc test (kauoha iā TukeyHSD, R package "stats" 56). Ma mua o ka nānā ʻana, ua loiloi ʻia ka maʻamau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻokolohua Shapiro-Wilk, ua nānā ʻia ka homoscedasticity me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo Bartlett (kauoha "bartlett.test", R package "stats" 56), a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano nonparametric inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia kekahi o nā manaʻo ʻelua. . Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano loiloi (kauoha “kruskal.test”, pūʻulu R “stats” 56), a laila hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua post hoc a Dunn (kauoha dunn.test, R pūʻolo “dunn.test” 56).
Ua nānā ʻia ka mana hope o ka manuscript me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Grammarly Editor ma ke ʻano he mea heluhelu ʻōlelo Pelekane (Grammarly Inc., San Francisco, Kaleponi, USA) 61 .
Loaʻa nā ʻikepili i hana ʻia a ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka noiʻi ʻana mai ka mea kākau pili ma ke noi kūpono.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-25-2024