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ʻO ka mahiʻai nalo kahi ala kūpono e hoʻokō ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka noi honua no ka protein a he hana hou ia ma ke ao Komohana kahi e waiho ai nā nīnau he nui e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana a me ka palekana. Hiki i nā ʻōpala ke hana koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoihana pōʻai ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka biowaste i biomass waiwai. Ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka meaʻai meaʻai no ka meaʻai e hele mai mai ka hānai pulu. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia mai ka biowaste, e ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka mahiʻai ʻana i nā pepeke. Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala e pili ana i ke ʻano meaʻai o nā meaʻai (Tenebrio molitor) i hānai ʻia me nā mea hoʻohui organik mai nā huahana. ʻO kēia nā mea kanu i kūʻai ʻole ʻia, nā ʻāpana ʻuala, nā aʻa chicory fermented a me nā lau māla. Hoʻoholo ʻia ia ma ke kālailai ʻana i ka haku mele kokoke, ka momona momona, ka minerala a me nā mea metala kaumaha. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻuala i hānai ʻia i nā ʻuala he pālua ka momona a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka momona momona a me ka monounsaturated. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aʻa chicory fermented e hoʻonui i ka ʻike o ka mineral a hōʻiliʻili i nā metala kaumaha. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka lawe ʻana o nā minerala e ka meaʻai meaʻai ke koho, no ka mea, hoʻonui wale ʻia ka calcium, ka hao a me ka manganese. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea kanu meaʻai a i ʻole nā lau māla i ka meaʻai ʻaʻole e hoʻololi nui i ka ʻike meaʻai. I ka hopena, ua hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻia ke kahawai o ka huahana i loko o kahi biomass waiwai nui o ka protein, ʻo ka meaʻai meaʻai a me ka bioavailability i hoʻololi i ka haku ʻana o nā meaʻai.
Manaʻo ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka e piʻi i ka 9.7 biliona e 20501,2 e kau ana i ke kaomi i kā mākou meaʻai e hoʻokō i ka koi kiʻekiʻe no ka meaʻai. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ka noi meaʻai e 70-80% ma waena o 2012 a me 20503,4,5. Ke hoʻopau ʻia nei nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana meaʻai i kēia manawa, e hoʻoweliweli ana i ko mākou kaiaola a me nā lako meaʻai. Eia kekahi, nui ka nui o ka biomass i hoʻopau ʻia e pili ana i ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana. Ua manaʻo ʻia e 2050, hiki i ka nui o ka ʻōpala honua i ka 27 billion tonnes, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia bio-waste6,7,8. I ka pane ʻana i kēia mau pilikia, ua noi ʻia nā hoʻonā hou, nā koho meaʻai a me ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau o ka mahiʻai a me nā ʻōnaehana meaʻai9,10,11. ʻO kekahi o ia ʻano hana ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā koena olaola no ka hana ʻana i nā mea maka e like me nā insects hiki ke ʻai i kumu hoʻomau o ka meaʻai a me ka hānai12,13. ʻO ka mahiʻai ʻana i nā pepeke e hoʻopuka i nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ammonia, pono ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai ma mua o nā kumu protein kuʻuna, a hiki ke hana ʻia ma nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai kū, koi ʻia ka liʻiliʻi loa14,15,16,17,18,19. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hiki i nā pepeke ke hoʻohuli i ka biowaste waiwai haʻahaʻa i biomass waiwai nui o ka protein me nā mea maloʻo a hiki i ka 70%20,21,22. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka biomass haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu, ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka hana hou ʻana a no laila ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokūkū me ka meaʻai a me ka meaʻai i kēia manawa23,24,25,26. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo mealworm (T. molitor)27 kekahi o nā ʻano meaʻai maikaʻi loa no ka meaʻai nui a me ka hana hānai. ʻAi ʻia nā larvae a me nā mākua i nā ʻano mea like ʻole e like me nā hua palaoa, nā ʻōpala holoholona, nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, etc. 28,29. Ma nā kaiaulu o ke Komohana, hānai ʻia ʻo T. molitor ma ke pio ʻana ma kahi pānaʻi liʻiliʻi, ma ke ʻano he meaʻai no nā holoholona holoholona e like me nā manu a me nā mea kolo. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i kā lākou meaʻai a me ka hānai ʻana30,31,32. No ka laʻana, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo T. molitor me kahi ʻano meaʻai hou, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano maloʻo, maloʻo a me ka pauka (Regulation (EU) No 258/97 a me Regulation (EU) 2015/2283) 33. Eia nō naʻe, hana nui. ʻO nā inike no ka meaʻai a me ka hānai ʻana he manaʻo hou i nā ʻāina Komohana. Ke kū nei ka ʻoihana i nā luʻi e like me nā ʻike ʻike e pili ana i nā meaʻai a me ka hana ʻana, ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai o ka huahana hope, a me nā pilikia palekana e like me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea make a me nā pōʻino microbial. ʻAʻole like me ka mahiʻai holoholona maʻamau, ʻaʻole like ka moʻolelo moʻolelo o ka mahiʻai pepeke17,24,25,34.
ʻOiai ua nui nā haʻawina i mālama ʻia e pili ana i ka waiwai o ka meaʻai meaʻai, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaopopo piha ʻia nā kumu e pili ana i ko lākou waiwai waiwai. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua he hopena paha ka ʻai ʻana o nā iniseti i kāna haku ʻana, akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke ʻano maʻalahi. Eia kekahi, ua pili kēia mau haʻawina i ka protein a me nā mea lipid o ka mealworms, akā ua liʻiliʻi nā hopena i nā mea mineral21,22,32,35,36,37,38,39,40. Pono ka noiʻi hou aʻe no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka mineral. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kahi noiʻi hou ʻana ua piʻi iki ka nui o nā koleke mealworm i hānai ʻia i ka radish. Eia naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia kēia mau hopena i ka substrate i hoʻāʻo ʻia, a pono nā hoʻokolohua ʻoihana hou aʻe41. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metala koʻikoʻi (Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg) i loko o ka ʻai ʻai ua hōʻike ʻia e pili nui ʻia me ka ʻike metala o ka matrix. ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā metala i loaʻa i ka meaʻai i ka hānai holoholona aia ma lalo o nā palena kānāwai42, ua ʻike pū ʻia ka arsenic e bioaccumulate i loko o nā ʻano ʻano meaʻai, akā ʻaʻole bioaccumulate ka cadmium a me ke kēpau43. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena o ka meaʻai i ka ʻano meaʻai o nā meaʻai i ko lākou hoʻohana palekana ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka hānai.
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia pepa e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana o ka mahiʻai ma ke ʻano he kumu hānai pulu ma ke ʻano meaʻai o nā meaʻai. Ma waho aʻe o ka hānai maloʻo, pono e hāʻawi ʻia nā meaʻai pulu i nā larvae. Hāʻawi ke kumu hānai ʻai i ka wai e pono ai a lawelawe pū ʻia ma ke ʻano he meaʻai meaʻai no nā meaʻai, e hoʻonui ana i ka ulu a me ke kaumaha o ke kino kiʻekiʻe44,45. Wahi a kā mākou ʻikepili hānai ʻai meaʻai maʻamau i ka papahana Interreg-Valusect, ʻo ka nui o ka meaʻai ʻai meaʻai he 57% w/w meaʻai pulu. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu hou (e laʻa me kāloti) i kumu hānai pulu35,36,42,44,46. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ke ʻano he kumu hānai pulu e lawe mai i nā pōmaikaʻi hoʻomau a hoʻokele waiwai i ka mahiʻai nalo17. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana ʻo ia (1) e noiʻi i nā hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka biowaste ma ke ʻano he meaʻai pulu ma ke ʻano meaʻai o ka ʻai ʻai, (2) e hoʻoholo i nā ʻano macro- a me nā micronutrient i loko o nā elo meaʻai i hānai ʻia ma ka biowaste waiwai nui e hoʻāʻo ai i ka hiki paʻa koʻikoʻi, a (3) loiloi i ka palekana o kēia mau huaʻai i ka mahi ʻai pepeke ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka hele ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metala kaumaha Pb, Cd a me Cr. E hāʻawi ana kēia haʻawina i ka ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka biowaste i nā meaʻai ʻai ʻai ʻai, ka waiwai meaʻai a me ka palekana.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mea maloʻo i loko o ke kahe ʻaoʻao i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka agar nutrient wet control. ʻO ka maʻiʻo maloʻo maloʻo i loko o ka hui ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā lau māla ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 10%, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoki ʻuala a me nā aʻa chicory fermented (13.4 a me 29.9 g/100 g mea hou, FM).
Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehu maʻemaʻe, ka momona a me ka protein a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka meaʻai ʻai hoʻomalu (agar), ʻoiai ʻo ka amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber content like. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻuala ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao āpau a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka agar. ʻO keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua like loa kona hui ʻana me ka hānai hoʻomalu, akā ua hoʻohui ʻia me nā mea liʻiliʻi o ka protein (4.9%) a me ka lehu (2.9%) 47,48. Aia ka pH o ka ʻuala mai ka 5 a hiki i ka 6, a he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo he ʻoi aku ka waikawa o kēia kahawai ʻaoʻao ʻuala (4.7). ʻO ke aʻa chicory fermented he waiwai i ka lehu a ʻo ia ka ʻawaʻawa loa o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao a pau. No ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole ʻia o nā aʻa, manaʻo ʻia ka hapa nui o ka lehu he one (silica). ʻO nā lau kīhāpai wale nō ka huahana alkaline i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka mana a me nā kahawai ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā ia nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka lehu a me ka protein a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mana. ʻOi aku ka mea kokoke loa i ka ʻaʻa chicory fermented, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka protein crude (15.0%), i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻike protein o ka hui ʻana. Ua hōʻike ka ʻikepili helu o ka ʻikepili i luna i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka haku mele a me ka pH o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao.
ʻAʻole i pili ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā hui ʻai meaʻai a i ʻole nā lau māla i ka meaʻai mealworm i ke ʻano biomass o nā larvae mealworm i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu (Paukū 1). ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻoki ʻuala i hopena i ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka biomass i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu e loaʻa ana i nā larvae mealworm a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe o ka meaʻai pulu. ʻO ka ʻiʻo protein o nā mea ʻai ʻai, koe naʻe ka ʻoki ʻana i ka ʻuala, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao i ka ʻike protein o nā larvae. ʻO ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻoki ʻuala ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka makū i alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka momona o nā larvae a me ka emi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo o ka protein, chitin, a me nā haʻahaʻa non-fibrous. Hoʻonui ka aʻa chicory fermented i hoʻokahi manawa a me ka hapa i ka lehu o nā larvae mealworm.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he macromineral (Papa 2) a me micronutrient (Papa 3) i loko o ka meaʻai pulu a me ka mealworm larval biomass.
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao mahiʻai i nā macrominerals i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu, koe wale nō nā ʻoki ʻuala, he haʻahaʻa Mg, Na a me Ca. Ua kiʻekiʻe ka potasium i nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao āpau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka mana. Loaʻa iā Agar he 3 mg/100 g DM K, ʻoiai ʻo K ka ʻike ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao mai 1070 a 9909 mg/100 g DM. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka macromineral content i loko o ka hui mea kanu ma mua o ka hui hoʻomalu, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o Na maʻiʻo (88 vs. 111 mg/100 g DM). ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka macromineral i nā ʻoki ʻuala ka haʻahaʻa loa o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka macromineral content i nā ʻoki ʻuala ma mua o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao a me nā mana. Koe wale ka Mg maʻiʻo i hoʻohālikelike i ka pūʻulu mana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ke aʻa chicory fermented ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā macrominerals, ʻo ka ʻike lehu o kēia kahawai ʻaoʻao ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao āpau. Ma muli paha kēia ʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a loaʻa paha nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka silica (sand). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka Na a me Ca me nā mea o ka hui ʻana i nā mea kanu. Loaʻa i ke aʻa chicory fermented ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe o Na o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao āpau. Me ka ʻokoʻa o Na, loaʻa i nā lau horticultural ka kiʻekiʻe loa o nā macrominerals o nā meaʻai pulu āpau. ʻO ka manaʻo K (9909 mg / 100 g DM) heʻekolu kaukani manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mana (3 mg / 100 g DM) a he 2.5 manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka huiʻana o nā mea kanu (4057 mg / 100 g DM). ʻO ka maʻiʻo Ca ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao āpau (7276 mg / 100 g DM), 20 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mana (336 mg / 100 g DM) a me 14 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ʻike Ca i nā aʻa chicory fermented a i ʻole ka hui ʻana i nā mea kanu (530). a me 496 mg/100 g DM).
ʻOiai he mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i loko o ka hui macromineral o nā meaʻai (Papa 2), ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka macromineral composition o mealworms i hānai ʻia ma nā hui ʻai meaʻai a me nā meaʻai hoʻomalu.
He haʻahaʻa loa ka nui o nā macrominerals a pau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻōpala ʻuala i hānai ʻia i nā ʻuala, koe naʻe ʻo Na, he ʻano hoʻohālikelike like. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hānai ʻuala ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻemi nui loa i ka nui o ka macromineral larval ma mua o nā kahawai ʻē aʻe. Kūlike kēia me ka lehu haʻahaʻa i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻano mea ʻai meaʻai kokoke. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka P a me K i kēia ʻai pulu ma mua o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe a me ka hoʻomalu, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kēia mea i ka haku mele. ʻO nā haʻahaʻa Ca a me Mg i loaʻa i ka mealworm biomass pili paha me ka haʻahaʻa Ca a me Mg i loaʻa i ka meaʻai pulu ponoʻī.
ʻO ka hānai ʻana i nā aʻa chicory fermented a me nā lau orchard i hopena i ka nui o ka nui o ka calcium ma mua o nā mana. Loaʻa i nā lau ʻāʻai nā pae kiʻekiʻe o P, Mg, K a me Ca o nā meaʻai pulu a pau, akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia i ka biomass mealworm. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o Na i loko o kēia mau ʻuala, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Na ma nā lau māla ma mua o nā ʻoki ʻuala. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike Ca i loko o nā larvae (66 mg/100 g DM), akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Ca e like me ka mea i loko o ka mealworm biomass (79 mg/100 g DM) i nā hoʻāʻo aʻa chicory fermented, ʻoiai ua ʻoi aku ka nui o Ca i loko o nā mea kanu lau orchard. 14 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka chicory root.
Ma muli o ke ʻano microelement o nā meaʻai pulu (Papa 3), ua like ke ʻano mineral o ka hui ʻana i nā mea kanu me ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu, koe wale nō ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka Mn. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā microelements i kālailai ʻia ma nā ʻoki ʻuala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka mana a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka aʻa chicory fermented he 100 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka hao, 4 mau manawa ʻoi aku ke keleawe, 2 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka zinc a me ka nui o ka manganese. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka zinc a me ka manganese i loko o nā lau o nā mea kanu māla ma mua o ka hui hoʻomalu.
ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia he ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ʻano mea ʻē aʻe o ka larvae i hānai ʻia i ka mana, ka hui ʻana i nā mea kanu, a me nā meaʻai ʻuala pulu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻai Fe a me Mn o nā larvae i hānai ʻia i ka ʻai aʻa chicory fermented me nā mea ʻai i hānai ʻia e ka hui hoʻomalu. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo Fe ma muli paha o ka piʻi ʻana o ka piʻi ʻana o ka trace element i loko o ka meaʻai pulu ponoʻī. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike Mn ma waena o nā aʻa chicory fermented a me ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā pae Mn i loko o nā larvae i hānai i nā aʻa chicory fermented. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Mn (3-fold) i ka ʻai lau pulu o ka meaʻai horticulture i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻomalu, akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa nui i ka ʻano biomass o nā meaʻai. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa wale nō ma waena o ka mana a me nā lau horticulture ʻo ia ka maʻi Cu, ka mea haʻahaʻa i nā lau.
Hōʻike ka papa 4 i ka ʻike ʻana o nā metala kaumaha i loaʻa i nā substrate. Ua ho'ololi 'ia ka nui o ka Pb, Cd a me Cr ma Europa i ka mg/100 g mea malo'o a ho'ohui 'ia i ka Papa 4 i mea e ma'alahi ai ka ho'olikelike 'ana me ka nui o nā kahawai 'ao'ao47.
ʻAʻohe Pb i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā meaʻai pulu hoʻomalu, hui ʻia nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā palapala ʻuala, ʻoiai ʻo nā lau kīhāpai he 0.002 mg Pb/100 g DM a ʻo nā aʻa chicory fermented i loaʻa ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa o 0.041 mg Pb/100 g DM. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻike C i loko o nā meaʻai hoʻomalu a me nā lau māla (0.023 a me 0.021 mg/100 g DM), ʻoiai ua haʻahaʻa lākou i loko o ka hui ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā brans ʻuala (0.004 a me 0.007 mg/100 g DM). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā substrates ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Cr i loko o nā aʻa chicory fermented (0.135 mg / 100 g DM) a ʻeono manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hānai mana. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ʻo Cd ma ke kahawai mana a i ʻole kekahi o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao i hoʻohana ʻia.
Loaʻa nā pae kiʻekiʻe o Pb a me Cr i loko o nā aʻa chicory fermented i hānai ʻia. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka Cd i loko o kekahi mealworm larvae.
Ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi qualitative o nā ʻakika momona i loko o ka momona maʻemaʻe e hoʻoholo ai inā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano o ka momona momona o nā larvae meaʻai e nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kahawai ʻaoʻao kahi i hānai ʻia ai lākou. Hōʻike ʻia ka māhele ʻana o kēia mau ʻakika momona ma ka Papa 5. Ua helu ʻia nā ʻakika momona e ko lākou inoa maʻamau a me ke ʻano molekala (i kapa ʻia ʻo "Cx:y", kahi x e pili ana i ka helu o nā ʻātoma kalapona a me y i ka helu o nā mea paʻa ʻole. ).
Ua hoʻololi nui ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻakika momona o nā mea ʻai i hānai ʻia i nā ʻuala. Loaʻa iā lākou ka nui o ka myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), a me oleic acid (C18:1). ʻO ka nui o ka pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0), linoleic acid (C18: 2), a me ka linolenic acid (C18: 3) he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻai ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāpana momona momona ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka ratio o C18:1 a i C18:2 i loko o nā ʻuala. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) i ka ʻai ʻai ma mua o ka ʻai ʻai i nā meaʻai pulu ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻakika momona i nā ʻakika momona momona (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), a me polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Hōʻike ka papa 5 i ka ʻike ʻana o kēia mau pūʻulu ʻakika momona. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻano momona momona o nā meaʻai i hānai ʻia i ka ʻōpala ʻuala mai ka mana a me nā kahawai ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. No kēlā me kēia hui ʻakika momona, ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala i nā ʻuala mai nā hui ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā lākou ka SFA a me MUFA a emi iho ka PUFA.
ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka helu ola a me ka nui o ke kaumaha o nā larvae i hānai ʻia ma nā substrate like ʻole. He 90% ka awelika o ke ola ana, a he 974 grama ka nui o ka awelika kaumaha. Hana maikaʻi ʻo Mealworms i nā huahana ma ke ʻano he kumu hānai pulu. ʻOi aku ka hapalua o ka nui o ka nui o ka paona hānai (maloʻo + pulu). ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā huaʻai hou me nā huahana o ka mahiʻai ma ke ʻano he meaʻai pulu maʻamau i loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi waiwai a me ke kaiapuni no ka mahiʻai mealworm.
Hōʻike ka Papa 1 i ka hana ʻana o ka biomass o nā ʻulo meaʻai i hānai ʻia ma ka meaʻai hoʻomalu ma kahi o 72% o ka wai, 5% lehu, 19% lipid, 51% protein, 8% chitin, a me 18% mea maloʻo ma ke ʻano he mau kaʻapona non-fibrous. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia me nā waiwai i hōʻike ʻia ma ka palapala.48,49 Eia naʻe, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka palapala, e hilinaʻi pinepine ʻia i ke ʻano analytical i hoʻohana ʻia. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou i ke ʻano Kjeldahl no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maʻi protein crude me ka ratio N a P o 5.33, aʻo nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i ka lakene i hoʻohana nui ʻia o 6.25 no nā ʻiʻo a me nā meaʻai.50,51
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā ʻōpala ʻuala (he meaʻai pulu momona momona) i ka meaʻai i hopena i ka pālua ʻana o ka momona o nā meaʻai. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻuala i loko o ka ʻuala, ʻo ia ka nui o ka starch, aʻo ka agar i nā kō (polysaccharides)47,48. He ʻokoʻa kēia ʻike me kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka momona i ka wā i hānai ʻia ai ka ʻai i ka meaʻai i hoʻohui ʻia me ka ʻuala i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka mahu me ka haʻahaʻa o ka protein (10.7%) a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka starch (49.8%)36. I ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka poma ʻoliva i ka meaʻai, ua kūlike ka protein a me ka ʻiʻo carbohydrate i loko o ka meaʻai pulu, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loli ka momona. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i ka ʻike o ka protein o nā larvae i hānai ʻia ma nā kahawai ʻaoʻao e hoʻololi i nā loli kumu, e like me ka momona momona22,37.
Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ʻaʻa chicory fermented i ka lehu o nā ʻōpala meaʻai (Papa 1). Ua kaupalena ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana i nā hopena o nā huahana pili i ka lehu a me ka hui ʻana o ka mineral o nā larvae mealworm. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina hānai meaʻai i kālele i ka momona a me ka protein maʻiʻo o nā larvae me ka ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike lehu21,35,36,38,39. Eia nō naʻe, i ka nānā ʻia ʻana o ka ʻiʻo lehu o nā mea i hānai ʻia i nā huahana, ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka lehu. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hānai ʻana i ka ʻōpala māla mealworms ua hoʻonui i ko lākou ʻike lehu mai 3.01% a i 5.30%, a ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻōpala watermelon i ka meaʻai ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka lehu mai 1.87% a i 4.40%.
ʻOiai ua ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa o nā kumu meaʻai pulu a pau i ko lākou haku ʻana (Paukū 1), he liʻiliʻi nā ʻokoʻa o ka haku mele biomass o nā ʻulo meaʻai i hānai ʻia i kēlā me kēia kumu meaʻai pulu. ʻO nā ʻuolo meaʻai wale nō i hānai ʻia i nā ʻuala a i ʻole ke aʻa chicory fermented i hōʻike i nā loli nui. ʻO kekahi o ka wehewehe ʻana no kēia hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma waho aʻe o nā aʻa chicory, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻuala ʻuala (pH 4.7, Papa 1), i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka starch/carbohydrates i nā ʻuala meaʻai. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā larvae mealworm i nā lipid mai nā meaʻai e like me ka carbohydrates he mea hoihoi nui a pono e ʻimi piha ʻia i nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana. ʻO kahi noiʻi mua e pili ana i ka hopena o ka pH meaʻai pulu ma ka ulu ʻana o ka larval mealworm i hoʻoholo ʻia ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā poloka agar me nā meaʻai pulu ma luna o ka pae pH o 3 a hiki i 9. Hōʻike kēia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā meaʻai pulu fermented i ka moʻomeheu Tenebrio molitor53 . E like me Coudron et al.53, hoʻohana nā hoʻokolohua hoʻomalu i nā poloka agar i loko o nā meaʻai pulu i hāʻawi ʻia no ka hemahema o nā minerala a me nā meaʻai. ʻAʻole i noʻonoʻo kā lākou noiʻi i ka hopena o nā kumu meaʻai momona ʻokoʻa like ʻole e like me nā mea kanu a i ʻole ka ʻuala i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka digestibility a i ʻole bioavailability. Pono nā noiʻi hou aʻe e pili ana i ka hopena o ka fermentation o nā kumu meaʻai pulu ma luna o nā ʻōpala meaʻai e pono e ʻimi hou i kēia manaʻo.
ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mineral o ka biomass mealworm control i loaʻa i loko o kēia haʻawina (Nā Papa 2 a me 3) ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka laulā o nā macro- a me nā micronutrients i loaʻa ma ka palapala48,54,55. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea ʻai me ke aʻa chicory fermented ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai pulu e hoʻonui i kā lākou ʻike mineral. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hapa nui o nā macro- a me micronutrients i loko o ka hui ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā lau māla (Papa 2 a me 3), ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻopilikia i ka ʻike mineral o ka biomass mealworm e like me nā aʻa chicory fermented. ʻO kekahi o ka wehewehe ʻana ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o nā meaʻai i loko o nā lau māla alkaline ma mua o nā mea ʻai ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā meaʻai wai wai (Papa 1). Ua hānai nā haʻawina mua i nā ʻuolo mealworm me ka mauʻu raiki fermented a ua ʻike ʻia ua ulu maikaʻi lākou ma kēia ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao a hōʻike pū ʻia ʻo ka mālama mua ʻana o ka substrate e ka fermentation i hoʻoulu i ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai. 56 ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā aʻa chicory fermented i hoʻonui i ka Ca, Fe a me Mn i loko o ka biomass mealworm. ʻOiai ʻo kēia ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o nā minela ʻē aʻe (P, Mg, K, Na, Zn a me Cu), ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau minerala i ka biomass mealworm i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka mana, e hōʻike ana i ke koho ʻana o ka lawe ʻana i ka mineral. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o kēia mau minela i loko o ka mealworm biomass he waiwai waiwai no ka meaʻai a me nā kumu hānai. He mea koʻikoʻi ka calcium i ka hana neuromuscular a me nā kaʻina hana enzyme-mediated e like me ke koko koko, iwi a me nā niho. 57,58 He pilikia maʻamau ka nele i ka hao ma nā ʻāina e ulu nei, me nā keiki, nā wahine, a me nā ʻelemakule ʻaʻole i lawa ka hao mai kā lākou ʻai. 54 ʻOiai he mea koʻikoʻi ka manganese i ka ʻai kanaka a he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā enzymes he nui, hiki i ka ʻai nui ke lilo i mea ʻawaʻawa. ʻAʻole hopohopo ka pae manganese kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻai i hānai ʻia i ka aʻa chicory fermented a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā moa. 59
ʻO ka nui o nā metala kaumaha i loaʻa ma ke kahawai ʻaoʻao ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻEulopa no ka hānai holoholona holoʻokoʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka metala kaumaha o nā enuhe meaʻai i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pae Pb a me Cr i nā mea ʻai i hānai ʻia me ke aʻa chicory fermented ma mua o ka pūʻulu mana a me nā substrates ʻē aʻe (Papa 4). Ke ulu nei nā aʻa Chicory i ka lepo a ʻike ʻia e komo i nā metala koʻikoʻi, aʻo nā kahawai ʻē aʻe mai ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai kanaka. ʻO nā ʻulo meaʻai i hānai ʻia me ke aʻa chicory fermented i loaʻa nā pae kiʻekiʻe o Pb a me Cr (Paʻa 4). ʻO nā kumu bioaccumulation (BAF) i helu ʻia he 2.66 no Pb a me 1.14 no Cr, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 1, e hōʻike ana he hiki i nā meaʻai ke hōʻiliʻili i nā metala kaumaha. E pili ana i ka Pb, hoʻonoho ka EU i ka maʻiʻo Pb kiʻekiʻe loa o 0.10 mg no ka kilokani o ka ʻiʻo hou no ka ʻai kanaka61. I loko o kā mākou loiloi ʻikepili hoʻokolohua, ʻo ka nui o ka ʻike Pb i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā mea ʻai aʻa chicory fermented he 0.11 mg/100 g DM. I ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o ka waiwai i kahi mea maloʻo o 30.8% no kēia mealworms, ʻo ka maʻiʻo Pb he 0.034 mg/kg mea hou, aia ma lalo o ka pae kiʻekiʻe o 0.10 mg/kg. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka Cr ma nā hoʻoponopono meaʻai ʻEulopa. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia ka Cr i loko o ke kaiapuni, nā meaʻai a me nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai a ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he meaʻai pono no ke kanaka ma nā huina liʻiliʻi62,63,64. Hōʻike kēia mau kānana (Papa 4) hiki i nā larvae T. molitor ke hōʻiliʻili i nā metala kaumaha ke loaʻa nā metala kaumaha i ka meaʻai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā pae o nā metala kaumaha i loaʻa i ka mealworm biomass i kēia haʻawina e manaʻo ʻia he palekana no ka ʻai kanaka. Manaʻo ʻia ka nānā mau ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā kahawai ʻaoʻao i loaʻa i nā metala kaumaha ma ke ʻano he kumu hānai pulu no T. molitor.
ʻO nā ʻakika momona nui loa i loko o ka biomass holoʻokoʻa o T. molitor larvae he palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), a me linoleic acid (C18:2) (Table 5), i kūlike me nā haʻawina mua. ma T. molitor. ʻO nā hualoaʻa kikoʻī o ka momona momona he kūlike36,46,50,65. He ʻelima mau mea nui ka ʻike o ka ʻakika momona o T. molitor: ʻakika oleic (C18:1), ʻakika palmitic (C16:0), ʻakika linoleic (C18:2), ʻakika myristic (C14:0), a me ka waikawa stearic. (C18:0). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻakika Oleic ka nui o ka momona momona (30-60%) i loko o nā larvae mealworm, a ukali ʻia e ka palmitic acid a me ka linoleic acid22,35,38,39. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua e pili ana kēia ʻano momona momona e ka meaʻai larval mealworm, akā ʻaʻole like nā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano like me ka diet38. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāpana momona momona ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka ratio C18:1–C18:2 i ka ʻili ʻuala. Loaʻa nā hopena like no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka moʻoʻiʻo momona momona o nā meaʻai i hānai ʻia i ka ʻili ʻuala36. Hōʻike kēia mau hualoaʻa, ʻoiai ke hoʻololi ʻia ka moʻolelo o ka ʻakika momona o ka aila mealworm, e mau ana ia he kumu waiwai o nā ʻakika momona ʻole.
ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana ʻo ia ka loiloi i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻehā mau kahawai biowaste agro-industrial like ʻole ma ke ʻano he meaʻai pulu ma ka haku ʻana i nā mea ʻai. Ua loiloi ʻia ka hopena ma muli o ka waiwai o ka meaʻai o nā larvae. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ua hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻia nā huahana i ka biomass waiwai nui (protein content 40.7-52.3%), hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he meaʻai a meaʻai. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka haʻawina i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana e like me ka meaʻai pulu e pili ana i ka waiwai waiwai o ka biomass mealworm. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā larvae me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā carbohydrates (e laʻa me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka ʻuala) e hoʻonui i kā lākou momona momona a hoʻololi i ko lākou ʻano momona momona: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā ʻakika momona polyunsaturated a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻakika momona saturated a monounsaturated, akā ʻaʻole naʻe ka nui o nā waikawa momona unsaturated. . ʻO nā ʻakika momona (monounsaturated + polyunsaturated) mau nō. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka haʻawina e hōʻiliʻili nā mealworms i ka calcium, ka hao a me ka manganese mai nā kahawai ʻaoʻao i waiwai i nā mineral acidic. He mea koʻikoʻi ka bioavailability o nā minerala a pono nā haʻawina hou e hoʻomaopopo pono i kēia. Hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā metala kaumaha ma nā kahawai ʻaoʻao i loko o nā elo ʻai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia nā manaʻo hope loa o Pb, Cd a me Cr i loko o ka biomass larval, hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia kēia mau kahawai ʻaoʻao ma ke ʻano he kumu hānai pulu.
Ua hānai ʻia nā larvae Mealworm e Radius (Giel, Belgium) a me Inagro (Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium) ma ke Kulanui ʻo Thomas More o Applied Science ma 27 °C a me 60% haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. He 4.17 ilo/cm2 (10,000 mealworms) ka nui o ka nui o ka meaʻai i hānai ʻia i loko o ka aquarium 60 x 40 cm. Ua hānai mua ʻia nā ʻupena i 2.1 kg o ka palaoa palaoa ma ke ʻano he meaʻai maloʻo i kēlā me kēia pahu hānai a laila hoʻohui ʻia e like me ka mea e pono ai. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā poloka Agar ma ke ʻano he mālama mālama meaʻai pulu. Mai ka pule 4, ua hānai ʻia nā kahawai ʻaoʻao (he kumu hoʻi o ka maʻu) ma ke ʻano he meaʻai pulu ma mua o ka agar ad libitum. Ua hoʻoholo mua ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pākēneka o ka mea maloʻo no kēlā me kēia kahawai ʻaoʻao no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka nui o ka maʻu no nā ʻupena a pau ma nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Māhele like ʻia ka meaʻai a puni ka terrarium. Hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻōpala i ka wā e puka mai ai nā pupae mua i ka hui hoʻokolohua. Hana ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka larval me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hoʻoluliluli mechanical 2 mm anawaena. Koe wale no ka hoʻokolohua diced potato. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana nui o ka ʻuala maloʻo i ʻoki ʻia ma ka ʻae ʻana i ke kolo e kolo ma kēia kānana a hōʻiliʻili iā lākou i loko o kahi pā metala. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ke kaumaha o ka ʻohi ʻana ma ke kaupaona ʻana i ka nui o ke kaumaha o ka ʻohi. Hoʻopili ʻia ke ola ma ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka nui o ke kaumaha o ka ʻohi ʻana me ke kaumaha larval. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kaupaona ʻana ma ke koho ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi o 100 larvae a me ka puʻunaue ʻana i ko lākou kaumaha nui me ka helu. E pōloli ʻia nā larvae i hōʻiliʻili ʻia no 24 mau hola e hoʻokaʻawale i ko lākou ʻōpū ma mua o ka nānā ʻana. ʻO ka hope, ʻāwili hou ʻia nā larvae e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai ke koena. Hoʻopili ʻia lākou i loko o ka hau a mālama ʻia ma -18 ° C a hiki i ka nānā ʻana.
ʻO ka ʻai maloʻo ʻo ka palaoa palaoa (Belgian Molens Joye). Ua kānana mua ʻia ka palaoa palaoa i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 2 mm. Ma waho aʻe o ka meaʻai maloʻo, pono nō hoʻi nā ʻupena meaʻai i ka meaʻai pulu no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a me nā mea hoʻohui mineral e koi ʻia e nā meaʻai. ʻOi aku ka hapalua o ka nui o nā meaʻai ʻai pulu (ʻai maloʻo + hānai pulu). I kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka agar (Brouwland, Belgium, 25 g/l) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomalu wai hānai45. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻehā mau huaʻai me nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole ma ke ʻano he meaʻai pulu no nā ʻuolo ʻai. ʻO kēia mau huahana ʻē aʻe he (a) nā lau mai ka mahi kukumba (Inagro, Belgium), (b) nā ʻoki ʻuala (Duigny, Belgium), (c) nā aʻa chicory fermented (Inagro, Belgium) a me (d) nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu i kūʻai ʻole ʻia mai nā kudala. . (Belorta, Pelekiuma). ʻOki ʻia ke kahawai ʻaoʻao i ʻāpana kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i mea hānai ʻai pulu.
ʻO nā huahana o ka mahiʻai ma ke ʻano he meaʻai pulu no nā elo ʻai; (a) nā lau kīhāpai mai ka mahi kukama, (b) ʻoki ʻuala, (c) nā aʻa chicory, (d) nā mea kanu i kūʻai ʻole ʻia ma ke kūʻai ʻana a (e) nā poloka agar. E like me nā mana.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka haku mele ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka meaʻai larvae ʻekolu manawa (n = 3). Ua loiloi ʻia ka loiloi wikiwiki, ka haku melemele, ka mea metala kaumaha a me ka ʻakika momona. A homogenized hāpana o 250 g ua lawe mai i ka ohi a pololi larvae, maloʻo ma 60 ° C i mau kaumaha, lepo (IKA, Tube mill 100) a kānana ma o ka 1 mm kānana. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā laʻana maloʻo i loko o nā pahu ʻeleʻele.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka mea maloʻo (DM) ma ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā laʻana i loko o ka umu ma 105 ° C no 24 mau hola (Memmert, UF110). Ua helu ʻia ka pākēneka o ka mea maloʻo ma muli o ke kaumaha o ka hāpana.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka maʻiʻo lehu maʻemaʻe (CA) e ka pohō nui ma hope o ka puhi ʻana i loko o kahi umu muffle (Nabertherm, L9/11/SKM) ma 550 ° C no 4 mau hola.
Ua hana ʻia ka ʻili o ka momona momona a i ʻole diethyl ether (EE) me ka petroleum ether (bp 40-60 °C) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Soxhlet. Ma kahi o 10 g o ka laʻana i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke poʻo unuhi a uhi ʻia me ka huluhulu seramika e pale ai i ka nalowale o ka hāpana. Lawe ʻia nā laʻana i ka pō me 150 ml petroleum ether. Ua maloʻo ka ʻāpana, wehe ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe organik a hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia e ka rotary evaporation (Büchi, R-300) ma 300 mbar a me 50 °C. Ua hoʻoluʻu ʻia nā ʻāpana lipid maʻemaʻe a i ʻole etera a kaupaona ʻia ma kahi kaulike analytical.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike o ka protein crude (CP) ma ka nānā ʻana i ka nitrogen i loko o ka laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano Kjeldahl BN EN ISO 5983-1 (2005). E hoʻohana i nā kumu N i P kūpono no ka helu ʻana i ka maʻiʻo protein. No ka meaʻai maloʻo maʻamau (palapala palaoa) e hoʻohana i ka huina o 6.25. No ke kahawai ʻaoʻao, hoʻohana ʻia kahi helu o 4.2366 a no ka hui ʻana i nā mea kanu hoʻohana ʻia kahi helu o 4.3967. Ua helu ʻia ka maʻiʻo palaka maʻemaʻe o nā larvae me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka helu N a P o 5.3351.
ʻO ka maʻiʻo fiber i komo i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka neutral detergent fiber (NDF) e pili ana i ka protocol extraction Gerhardt (ka nānā ʻana i ka fiber manual i nā ʻeke, Gerhardt, Kelemānia) a me ke ʻano van Soest 68. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka NDF, ua waiho ʻia kahi laʻana 1 g i loko o kahi ʻeke fiber kūikawā (Gerhardt, ADF/NDF ʻeke) me kahi liner aniani. Hoʻopau mua ʻia nā ʻeke fiber i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā laʻana me ka petroleum ether (kahi paila 40-60 °C) a laila hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i ka lumi wela. Ua unuhi ʻia ka laʻana i hoʻopau ʻia me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe kūʻokoʻa i loaʻa ka α-amylase paʻa wela ma ka wela wela no 1.5 h. Holoi ʻia nā laʻana i ʻekolu manawa me ka wai deionized paila a maloʻo ma 105 ° C i ka pō. Ua kaupaona ʻia nā ʻeke fiber maloʻo (loaʻa nā koena fiber) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke koena analytical (Sartorius, P224-1S) a laila puhi ʻia i loko o kahi umu muffle (Nabertherm, L9/11/SKM) ma 550 ° C no 4 mau hola. Ua kaupaona hou ʻia ka lehu a ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka fiber ma muli o ka pohō kaumaha ma waena o ka maloʻo ʻana a me ka puhi ʻana o ka hāpana.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻike chitin o nā larvae, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi protocol i hoʻololi ʻia e pili ana i ka loiloi fiber crude e van Soest 68. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻāpana 1 g i loko o kahi ʻeke fiber kūikawā (Gerhardt, CF Bag) a me kahi sila aniani. Hoʻopili ʻia nā laʻana i loko o nā ʻeke fiber, hoʻopau ʻia i loko o ka petroleum ether (c. 40-60 °C) a maloʻo i ka ea. Ua unuhi mua ʻia ka hāpana defatted me ka waiʻakika o 0.13 M sulfuric acid ma ka paila wela no 30 min. Ua holoi ʻia ka ʻeke pulupulu unuhi i loko o ka laʻana i ʻekolu manawa me ka wai deionized paila a laila unuhi ʻia me ka solution 0.23 M potassium hydroxide no 2 h. Ua holoi hou ʻia ka ʻeke fiber unuhi i loko o ka hāpana ʻekolu manawa me ka wai deionized paila a maloʻo ma 105 ° C i ka pō. Ua kaupaona ʻia ka ʻeke maloʻo e loaʻa ana ke koena fiber ma kahi kaulike analytical a puhi ʻia i loko o kahi umu muffle ma 550 ° C no 4 mau hola. Ua kaupaona ʻia ka lehu a ua helu ʻia ke ʻano o ka fiber ma muli o ka pohō kaumaha o ka laʻana i puhi ʻia.
Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka maʻiʻo carbohydrate. Ua helu ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka waiʻona non-fibrous (NFC) i ka hānai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi NDF, a ua helu ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o nā pepeke me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chitin analysis.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka pH o ka matrix ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana me ka wai deionized (1:5 v/v) e like me ka NBN EN 15933.
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā laʻana e like me ka wehewehe ʻana e Broeckx et al. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻike koʻikoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ICP-OES (Optima 4300™ DV ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, MA, USA).
Ua kālailai ʻia nā metala koʻikoʻi Cd, Cr a me Pb e ka graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Thermo Scientific, ICE 3000 series, i lako me ka GFS furnace autosampler). Ma kahi o 200 mg o ka laʻana i ʻeli ʻia i ka HNO3/HCl acidic (1:3 v/v) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microwaves (CEM, MARS 5). Ua hanaʻia kaʻeliʻana o ka microwave ma 190 ° C no 25 min ma 600 W. E hoʻoheheʻe i ka extract me ka wai ultrapure.
Hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻakika momona e GC-MS (Agilent Technologies, 7820A GC system me 5977 E MSD detector). E like me ke ʻano o Joseph a me Akman70, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka 20% BF3/MeOH solution i kahi solution methanolic KOH a ua loaʻa ka fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) mai ka ether extract ma hope o ka esterification. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻakika momona ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ko lākou mau manawa paʻa me 37 FAME mix standards (Chemical Lab) a i ʻole ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kā lākou MS spectra me nā hale waihona puke pūnaewele e like me ka waihona NIST. Hana ʻia ka loiloi qualitative ma ka helu ʻana i ka wahi kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he pākēneka o ka huina kiʻekiʻe o ka chromatogram.
Hana ʻia ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu JMP Pro 15.1.1 mai SAS (Buckinghamshire, UK). Hana ʻia ka loiloi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi ʻokoʻa hoʻokahi me kahi pae koʻikoʻi o 0.05 a me Tukey's HSD ma ke ʻano he hōʻike post hoc.
Ua helu ʻia ka mea bioaccumulation (BAF) ma ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā metala kaumaha i loko o ka mealworm larval biomass (DM) me ka neʻe ʻana i ka meaʻai pulu (DM) 43. Hōʻike ka BAF i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 1 e hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā metala kaumaha mai ka ʻai pulu i loko o nā larvae.
Loaʻa nā ʻikepili i hana ʻia a/a i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa mai ka mea kākau pili ma ke noi kūpono.
Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻokele Waiwai a me Social Affairs o nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa, Māhele Lehulehu. Nā Manaʻo Makana o ka Honua 2019: Nā Manaʻo Nui (ST/ESA/SER.A/423) (2019).
Cole, MB, Augustine, MA, Robertson, MJ, a me Manners, JM, ʻepekema palekana meaʻai. NPJ Sci. Meaʻai 2018, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-018-0021-9 (2018).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-25-2024