Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com. Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv CSS kev txhawb nqa. Txhawm rau kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, peb pom zoo kom siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis disabling compatibility hom hauv Internet Explorer). Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev txhawb nqa txuas ntxiv, peb yuav tso saib lub vev xaib yam tsis muaj qauv thiab JavaScript.
Cov tub rog dub ya (Hermetia illucens, L. 1758) yog ib qho kab mob omnivorous detritivorous nrog lub peev xwm loj rau kev siv cov khoom noj carbohydrate-nplua nuj organic by-products. Ntawm cov carbohydrates, cov tub rog dub yoov cia siab rau cov suab thaj uas muaj kuab lom rau kev loj hlob thiab lipid synthesis. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog txhawm rau ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov suab thaj ntau hauv kev txhim kho, kev ciaj sia, thiab fatty acid profile ntawm cov tub rog dub yoov. Ntxiv nqaij qaib nrog monosaccharides thiab disaccharides cais. Cellulose tau siv los tswj. Larvae noj qabzib, fructose, sucrose, thiab maltose loj hlob sai dua li cov larvae tswj. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, lactose muaj antinutritional nyhuv rau larvae, slowing kev loj hlob thiab txo tus neeg lub cev qhov hnyav kawg. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov piam thaj hauv cov kua dej ua rau cov larvae fatter dua li cov neeg noj zaub mov tswj. Qhov tseem ceeb, cov piam thaj kuaj tau zoo li cov fatty acid profile. Maltose thiab sucrose nce cov roj saturated fatty acid piv rau cellulose. Hauv qhov sib piv, lactose nce bioaccumululation ntawm kev noj zaub mov tsis muaj roj fatty acids. Txoj kev tshawb no yog thawj zaug los qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov roj fatty acid muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tub rog dub ya larvae. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias cov carbohydrates kuaj tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov roj fatty acid muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tub rog dub ya larvae thiab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lawv daim ntawv thov zaum kawg.
Kev thov thoob ntiaj teb rau lub zog thiab tsiaj protein ntxiv nce ntxiv 1. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb sov sov, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nrhiav kev hloov pauv ntsuab rau lub zog fossil thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus ib txwm muaj thaum nce ntau lawm. Kab yog cog lus rau cov neeg sib tw los daws cov teeb meem no vim lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig piv rau kev ua liaj ua teb ib txwm muaj2. Ntawm cov kab, tus neeg sib tw zoo tshaj plaws los daws cov teeb meem no yog cov tub rog dub ya (BSF), Hermetia illucens (L. 1758), ib hom kab mob uas muaj peev xwm pub noj rau ntau yam organic substrates3. Yog li ntawd, valorizing cov substrates los ntawm BSF yug me nyuam yuav tsim ib qhov chaw tshiab ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm ntau yam lag luam.
BSF larvae (BSFL) tuaj yeem pub rau kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev lag luam agro-industrial by-products xws li brewers' grain, zaub residues, txiv hmab txiv ntoo pulp thiab stale qhob cij, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau BSFL kev loj hlob vim lawv siab carbohydrate (CH) 4,5, 6 cov ntsiab lus. Loj-scale zus tau tej cov BSFL tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm ob yam khoom: quav, ib tug sib tov ntawm substrate residues thiab quav uas yuav siv tau raws li chiv rau cog cultivation7, thiab larvae, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov proteins, lipids thiab chitin. Proteins thiab lipids feem ntau yog siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tsiaj txhu, biofuel thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce8,9. Raws li chitin, biopolymer no pom cov ntawv thov hauv kev ua liaj ua teb zaub mov, biotechnology thiab kev noj qab haus huv10.
BSF yog kab autogenous holometabolous, txhais tau hais tias nws cov metamorphosis thiab kev yug me nyuam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub zog-siv theem ntawm kab lub neej voj voog, tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tag nrho los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus tsim tawm thaum lub sij hawm loj hlob larval11. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov protein thiab lipid synthesis ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev rog, ib qho tseem ceeb cia khoom uas tso tawm lub zog thaum lub sij hawm tsis pub noj mov ntawm BSF: prepupa (piv txwv li, theem kawg larval thaum lub sij hawm BSF larvae tig dub thaum noj thiab nrhiav. rau ib puag ncig haum rau metamorphosis), pupae (piv txwv li, tsis yog-motile theem thaum cov kab nkag mus rau metamorphosis), thiab cov neeg laus12,13. CH yog lub zog loj hauv kev noj haus ntawm BSF14. Ntawm cov as-ham no, fibrous CH xws li hemicellulose, cellulose thiab lignin, tsis zoo li disaccharides thiab polysaccharides (xws li hmoov txhuv nplej siab), tsis tuaj yeem zom tau los ntawm BSFL15,16. Kev zom ntawm CH yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua ntej cov kauj ruam rau kev nqus cov carbohydrates, uas yog thaum kawg hydrolyzed rau cov suab thaj yooj yim hauv txoj hnyuv 16. Tom qab ntawd cov suab thaj yooj yim tuaj yeem nqus tau (piv txwv li, los ntawm txoj hnyuv peritrophic membrane) thiab metabolized los tsim lub zog17. Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, larvae khaws ntau lub zog raws li lipids hauv lub cev rog 12,18. Cov lipids cia muaj xws li triglycerides (cov lipids nruab nrab tsim los ntawm ib glycerol molecule thiab peb fatty acids) synthesized los ntawm larvae los ntawm kev noj haus yooj yim suab thaj. Cov CH no muab cov acetyl-CoA substrates xav tau rau fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis ntawm fatty acid synthase thiab thioesterase pathways19. Cov fatty acid profile ntawm H. illucens lipids yog ib txwm ua los ntawm cov roj ntsha saturated fatty acids (SFA) nrog rau cov feem ntau ntawm lauric acid (C12: 0) 19,20. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus lipid siab thiab fatty acid muaj pes tsawg leeg tau dhau los ua qhov txwv tsis pub siv tag nrho cov larvae hauv cov tsiaj noj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv aquaculture qhov twg polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) xav tau 21.
Txij li thaum tshawb pom lub peev xwm ntawm BSFL los txo cov organic pov tseg, kev tshawb fawb txog tus nqi ntawm ntau yam khoom los ntawm cov khoom lag luam tau pom tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm BSFL yog ib feem ntawm nws cov khoom noj. Tam sim no, txoj cai ntawm FA profile ntawm H. illucens tseem txhim kho. Lub peev xwm ntawm BSFL rau bioaccumulate PUFA tau pom muaj nyob rau ntawm PUFA-nplua nuj substrates xws li algae, ntses pov tseg, los yog pluas noj xws li flaxseed, uas muab ib tug zoo dua FA profile rau tsiaj noj19,22,23. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, rau cov by-products uas tsis enriched nyob rau hauv PUFA, tsis yog ib txwm muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus FA profiles thiab larval FA, qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm cov as-ham24,25. Qhov tseeb, cov nyhuv ntawm digestible CH ntawm FA profiles tseem tsis to taub thiab tsis tau tshawb fawb24,25,26,27.
Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, txawm hais tias tag nrho cov monosaccharides thiab disaccharides muaj ntau nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov ntawm H. illucens, lawv lub luag hauj lwm kev noj haus tseem tsis to taub hauv H. illucens khoom noj khoom haus. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los qhia lawv cov teebmeem ntawm BSFL khoom noj khoom haus thiab lipid muaj pes tsawg leeg. Peb yuav soj ntsuam qhov kev loj hlob, ciaj sia taus, thiab tsim tau ntawm larvae nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom noj khoom haus. Tom qab ntawd, peb yuav piav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus lipid thiab fatty acid profile ntawm txhua qhov kev noj haus los qhia txog cov teebmeem ntawm CH ntawm BSFL kev noj haus zoo.
Peb xav tias qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kev sim CH yuav cuam tshuam rau (1) larval loj hlob, (2) tag nrho cov lipid qib, thiab (3) hloov kho FA profile. Monosaccharides tuaj yeem nqus tau ncaj qha, thaum disaccharides yuav tsum tau hydrolyzed. Monosaccharides yog li muaj ntau dua li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ncaj qha lossis precursors rau lipogenesis ntawm FA synthase thiab thioesterase txoj hauv kev, yog li txhim kho H. illucens larval loj hlob thiab txhawb nqa cov khoom khaws cia lipids (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lauric acid).
Qhov kuaj CH tau cuam tshuam qhov nruab nrab lub cev hnyav ntawm larvae thaum loj hlob (Daim duab 1). FRU, GLU, SUC thiab MAL nce larval lub cev hnyav zoo ib yam li kev tswj kev noj zaub mov (CEL). Nyob rau hauv sib piv, LAC thiab GAL tshwm sim rau retard larval kev loj hlob. Qhov tseem ceeb, LAC muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm larval piv rau SUC thoob plaws lub sijhawm loj hlob: 9.16 ± 1.10 mg piv rau 15.00 ± 1.01 mg rau hnub 3 (F6,21 = 12.77, p < 0.001; Fig. 1), 125.11 ± 1. mg thiab 211.79 ± 14.93 mg, raws li hnub tim 17 (F6,21 = 38.57, p <0.001; Fig. 1).
Siv cov monosaccharides sib txawv (fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), qabzib (GLU)), disaccharides (lactose (LAC), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC)) thiab cellulose (CEL) raws li kev tswj hwm. Kev loj hlob ntawm larvae pub nrog cov tub rog dub ya larvae. Txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov nkhaus sawv cev rau tus neeg qhov hnyav (mg) xam los ntawm qhov hnyav 20 qhov kev xaiv larvae los ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm 100 tus menyuam mos (n = 4). Cov kab yuam kev sawv cev rau SD.
Kev noj zaub mov CEL muab cov menyuam ciaj sia zoo heev ntawm 95.5 ± 3.8%. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ciaj sia ntawm H. illucens noj cov zaub mov uas muaj cov soluble CH raug txo qis (GLM: χ = 107.13, df = 21, p < 0.001), uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm MAL thiab SUC (disaccharides) hauv kev kawm CH. Cov neeg tuag tau qis dua li ntawm GLU, FRU, GAL (monosaccharide), thiab LAC (EMM: p < 0.001, Daim duab 2).
Boxplot ntawm ciaj sia taus ntawm cov tub rog dub ya larvae kho nrog ntau yam monosaccharides (fructose, galactose, qabzib), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) thiab cellulose li tswj. Kev kho mob nrog tib tsab ntawv tsis sib txawv ntawm ib leeg (EMM, p> 0.05).
Tag nrho cov zaub mov kuaj tau tso cai rau larvae mus txog rau theem prepupal. Txawm li cas los xij, CHs tau sim ua kom ntev lub neej kev loj hlob (F6,21=9.60, p<0.001; Table 1). Tshwj xeeb, larvae pub GAL thiab LAC siv sijhawm ntev dua mus txog theem prepupal piv rau larvae reared ntawm CEL (CEL-GAL: p<0.001; CEL-LAC: p<0.001; Table 1).
Kev kuaj CH kuj muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev hnyav, nrog rau lub cev hnyav ntawm larvae tau noj cov zaub mov CEL ncav cuag 180.19 ± 11.35 mg (F6,21 = 16.86, p < 0.001; Fig. 3). FRU, GLU, MAL thiab SUC ua rau qhov nruab nrab qhov kawg ntawm lub cev hnyav ntawm ntau dua 200 mg, uas yog siab dua li ntawm CEL (p <0.05). Hauv qhov sib piv, larvae pub GAL thiab LAC muaj lub cev hnyav, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 177.64 ± 4.23 mg thiab 156.30 ± 2.59 mg, feem (p <0.05). Cov nyhuv no tau tshaj tawm nrog LAC, qhov kawg ntawm lub cev qhov hnyav qis dua nrog kev tswj hwm kev noj haus (CEL-LAC: qhov txawv = 23.89 mg; p = 0.03; Daim duab 3).
Qhov nruab nrab qhov hnyav ntawm ib tus menyuam yaus tau hais tawm raws li cov kab mob larval (mg) thiab cov tub rog dub yoov tshaj tawm raws li histogram (g) pub cov monosaccharides sib txawv (fructose, galactose, qabzib), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) thiab cellulose (raws li kev tswj). Cov ntawv kab lus sawv cev rau pawg sib txawv hauv qhov hnyav tag nrho (p <0.001). Cov ntawv cuam tshuam nrog cov pob me me sawv cev rau cov pab pawg uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tus menyuam qhov hnyav (p <0.001). Cov kab yuam kev sawv cev rau SD.
Qhov siab tshaj tus neeg qhov hnyav yog ywj siab ntawm qhov siab kawg nkaus tag nrho cov larval colony hnyav. Qhov tseeb, cov khoom noj uas muaj FRU, GLU, MAL, thiab SUC tsis tau nce tag nrho cov larval hnyav uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub tank piv rau CEL (Daim duab 3). Txawm li cas los xij, LAC txo qhov hnyav tag nrho (CEL-LAC: qhov sib txawv = 9.14 g; p < 0.001; Daim duab 3).
Table 1 qhia qhov tawm los (larvae/hnub). Qhov zoo siab, cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm CEL, MAL thiab SUC tau zoo sib xws (Table 1). Hauv qhov sib piv, FRU, GAL, GLU thiab LAC txo cov txiaj ntsig piv rau CEL (Table 1). GAL thiab LAC ua qhov phem tshaj: qhov tawm los yog ib nrab rau tsuas yog 0.51 ± 0.09 g larvae / hnub thiab 0.48 ± 0.06 g larvae / hnub, raws li (Table 1).
Monosaccharides thiab disaccharides nce lipid cov ntsiab lus ntawm CF larvae (Table 1). Ntawm CLE noj zaub mov, larvae nrog cov ntsiab lus lipid ntawm 23.19 ± 0.70% ntawm cov ntsiab lus DM tau txais. Rau kev sib piv, qhov nruab nrab lipid cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv larvae noj nrog soluble qab zib yog ntau tshaj 30% (Table 1). Txawm li cas los xij, cov CHs kuaj tau nce lawv cov rog rog rau tib yam.
Raws li qhov xav tau, cov kev kawm CG cuam tshuam rau FA profile ntawm cov larvae mus rau qhov sib txawv (Daim duab 4). Cov ntsiab lus SFA yog siab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov khoom noj thiab mus txog ntau tshaj 60%. MAL thiab SUC tsis sib npaug ntawm FA profile, uas ua rau muaj kev nce hauv SFA cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm MAL, ntawm ib sab, qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg no ua rau feem ntau txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (F6,21 = 7.47; p < 0.001; Fig. 4). Ntawm qhov tod tes, rau SUC, qhov txo qis dua qhov sib xws ntawm MUFA thiab PUFA. LAC thiab MAL muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau FA spectrum (SFA: F6,21 = 8.74; p < 0.001; MUFA: F6,21 = 7.47; p < 0.001; PUFA: χ2 = 19.60; Df = 6; p < 0.001; Figure 4). Qhov qis dua ntawm SFA hauv LAC-fed larvae zoo li nce MUFA cov ntsiab lus. Tshwj xeeb, MUFA qib siab dua hauv LAC-fed larvae piv rau lwm cov suab thaj soluble tshwj tsis yog GAL (F6,21 = 7.47; p < 0.001; Daim duab 4).
Siv cov monosaccharides sib txawv (fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), qabzib (GLU)), disaccharides (lactose (LAC), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC)) thiab cellulose (CEL) raws li kev tswj hwm, lub thawv ntawv ntawm fatty acids. muaj pes tsawg leeg pub rau dub tub rog ya larvae. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia raws li feem pua ntawm tag nrho FAME. Kev kho mob cim nrog cov ntawv sib txawv yog qhov sib txawv (p <0.001). (a) Qhov feem ntawm cov roj saturated fatty acids; (b) Monounsaturated fatty acids; (c) Polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Ntawm cov fatty acids uas tau txheeb xyuas, lauric acid (C12: 0) yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv txhua qhov pom (ntau dua 40%). Lwm cov SFAs tam sim no yog palmitic acid (C16: 0) (tsawg dua 10%), stearic acid (C18: 0) (tsawg dua 2.5%) thiab capric acid (C10: 0) (tsawg dua 1.5%). MUFAs feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm oleic acid (C18: 1n9) (tsawg dua 9.5%), thaum PUFAs feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm linoleic acid (C18: 2n6) (tsawg dua 13.0%) (saib Daim Ntawv Ntxiv S1). Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho me me ntawm cov khoom sib txuas tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov spectra ntawm CEL larvae, qhov chaw uas tsis pom muaj tus lej 9 (UND9) suav nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 2.46 ± 0.52% (saib Daim Ntawv Ntxiv S1). GC × GC-FID tsom xam pom tias nws yuav yog 20-carbon fatty acid nrog tsib los yog rau ob daim ntawv cog lus (saib Daim Duab Ntxiv S5).
Kev tshuaj xyuas PERMANOVA tau nthuav tawm peb pawg sib txawv raws li cov fatty acid profiles (F6,21 = 7.79, p < 0.001; Daim duab 5). Thawj qhov kev tsom xam (PCA) ntawm TBC spectrum qhia txog qhov no thiab tau piav qhia los ntawm ob yam (Daim duab 5). Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb piav qhia txog 57.9% ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab suav nrog, raws li qhov tseem ceeb, lauric acid (C12: 0), oleic acid (C18: 1n9), palmitic acid (C16: 0), stearic acid (C18: 0), thiab linolenic acid (C18:3n3) (saib daim duab S4). Qhov thib ob feem piav qhia txog 26.3% ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab suav nrog, raws li qhov tseem ceeb, decanoic acid (C10: 0) thiab linoleic acid (C18: 2n6 cis) (saib Daim Duab Ntxiv S4). Cov khoom noj uas muaj suab thaj yooj yim (FRU, GAL thiab GLU) tau pom cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, disaccharides yielded txawv profiles: MAL thiab SUC ntawm ib sab tes thiab LAC ntawm lwm yam. Tshwj xeeb, MAL yog tib lub suab thaj uas hloov FA profile piv rau CEL. Tsis tas li ntawd, MAL profile tau txawv ntawm FRU thiab GLU profiles. Tshwj xeeb, MAL profile tau pom qhov feem ntau ntawm C12: 0 (54.59 ± 2.17%), ua rau nws piv rau CEL (43.10 ± 5.01%), LAC (43.35 ± 1.31%), FRU (48.90 ± 1.97%) thiab GLU (48.38 ± 2.17%) profiles (saib Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv S1). MAL spectrum kuj tau pom qhov qis tshaj C18: 1n9 cov ntsiab lus (9.52 ± 0.50%), uas ntxiv qhov sib txawv ntawm LAC (12.86 ± 0.52%) thiab CEL (12.40 ± 1.31%) spectra. Ib qho piv txwv zoo sib xws tau pom rau C16: 0. Hauv qhov thib ob, LAC spectrum pom qhov siab tshaj plaws C18: 2n6 cov ntsiab lus (17.22 ± 0.46%), thaum MAL pom qhov qis tshaj (12.58 ± 0.67%). C18: 2n6 kuj tau sib txawv LAC los ntawm kev tswj hwm (CEL), uas pom cov qib qis (13.41 ± 2.48%) (saib Cov Lus Ntxiv S1).
PCA zaj duab xis ntawm fatty acid profile ntawm cov tub rog dub ya larvae nrog cov monosaccharides sib txawv (fructose, galactose, qabzib), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) thiab cellulose tswj.
Txhawm rau kawm txog kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov kua dej ntawm H. illucens larvae, cellulose (CEL) hauv cov nqaij qaib tau hloov nrog cov piam thaj (GLU), fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC), thiab lactose (LAC). Txawm li cas los xij, monosaccharides thiab disaccharides muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, ciaj sia taus, thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm HF larvae. Piv txwv li, GLU, FRU, thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv disaccharide (MAL thiab SUC) tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam mos, ua rau lawv ua tiav lub cev hnyav dua li CEL. Tsis zoo li indigestible CEL, GLU, FRU, thiab SUC tuaj yeem hla lub plab hnyuv thiab ua cov khoom noj tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom noj 16,28. MAL tsis muaj cov tsiaj thauj tshwj xeeb thiab xav tias yuav tsum tau hydrolyzed rau ob lub qabzib molecules ua ntej assimilation15. Cov molecules no tau khaws cia rau hauv kab hauv lub cev raws li lub zog ncaj qha lossis raws li lipids18. Ua ntej, hais txog qhov kawg, qee qhov pom qhov sib txawv ntawm intramodal tuaj yeem yog vim qhov sib txawv me me ntawm kev sib deev. Tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv H. illucens, kev yug me nyuam tej zaum yuav tshwm sim tag nrho: cov poj niam laus ib txwm muaj cov qe tso qe txaus thiab hnyav dua li txiv neej29. Txawm li cas los xij, lipid tsub zuj zuj hauv BSFL cuam tshuam nrog kev noj haus soluble CH2 kom tsawg, raws li yav dhau los tau pom rau GLU thiab xylose26,30. Piv txwv li, Li et al.30 tau pom tias thaum 8% GLU tau ntxiv rau cov khoom noj larval, cov ntsiab lus lipid ntawm BSF larvae nce 7.78% piv rau kev tswj hwm. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo ib yam nrog cov kev soj ntsuam no, qhia tias muaj roj cov ntsiab lus hauv larvae pub cov piam thaj hauv cov kua dej ntau dua li cov larvae tau noj CEL noj, piv nrog 8.57% nce nrog GLU supplementation. Kuj ceeb tias, cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau hauv larvae pub GAL thiab LAC, txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm larval, qhov kawg ntawm lub cev hnyav, thiab kev ciaj sia. Larvae pub LAC tsawg dua li cov neeg noj cov zaub mov CEL, tab sis lawv cov ntsiab lus muaj roj yog piv rau cov larvae pub rau lwm cov suab thaj. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia txog cov teebmeem kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lactose ntawm BSFL. Ua ntej, kev noj haus muaj ntau ntawm CH. Kev nqus thiab hydrolysis systems ntawm monosaccharides thiab disaccharides, raws li, tuaj yeem ncav cuag saturation, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv cov txheej txheem assimilation. Raws li rau hydrolysis, nws yog ua los ntawm α- thiab β-glucosidases 31 . Cov enzymes no nyiam substrates nyob ntawm lawv qhov loj me thiab cov tshuaj sib txuas (α lossis β linkages) ntawm lawv cov monosaccharides 15. Hydrolysis ntawm LAC rau GLU thiab GAL yog ua los ntawm β-galactosidase, ib qho enzyme uas nws cov dej num tau pom nyob rau hauv lub plab ntawm BSF 32. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov lus qhia yuav tsis txaus piv rau cov LAC noj los ntawm cov larvae. Hauv qhov sib piv, α-glucosidase maltase thiab sucrase 15, uas paub tias muaj ntau tshaj tawm hauv kab, tuaj yeem rhuav tshem ntau ntawm MAL thiab sucrose SUC, yog li txwv cov nyhuv satiating. Qhov thib ob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem yog vim qhov txo qis ntawm cov kab mob plab hnyuv amylase kev ua haujlwm thiab kev noj zaub mov qeeb qeeb piv rau lwm yam kev kho mob. Qhov tseeb, cov suab thaj uas muaj kuab lom tau raug txheeb xyuas tias yog cov stimulators ntawm cov enzymes tseem ceeb rau kev zom cov kab, xws li amylase, thiab ua rau cov lus teb pub mis33,34,35. Qib ntawm stimulation txawv nyob ntawm seb cov qauv molecular ntawm cov suab thaj. Qhov tseeb, disaccharides xav tau hydrolysis ua ntej nqus thiab zoo li txhawb amylase ntau dua li lawv cov monosaccharides34. Hauv qhov sib piv, LAC muaj cov nyhuv me me thiab tau pom tias tsis muaj peev xwm txhawb nqa kab loj hlob hauv ntau hom 33,35. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov kab tsuag Spodoptera exigua (Boddie 1850), tsis muaj hydrolytic kev ua ntawm LAC tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv extracts ntawm kab ntsig midgut enzymes36.
Hais txog FA spectrum, peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev sim CH. Qhov tseem ceeb, txawm hais tias lauric acid (C12: 0) suav nrog tsawg dua 1% ntawm tag nrho FA hauv kev noj haus, nws tseem nyob hauv txhua qhov profile (saib Cov Lus Ntxiv S1). Qhov no yog ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv dhau los uas lauric acid yog tsim los ntawm kev noj haus CH hauv H. illucens ntawm txoj kev uas muaj acetyl-CoA carboxylase thiab FA synthase19,27,37. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau lees paub tias CEL yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntau thiab ua "tus neeg sawv cev" hauv BSF tswj kev noj zaub mov, raws li tau tham hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb BSFL38,39,40. Hloov CEL nrog monosaccharides thiab disaccharides uas tsis yog LAC nce qhov C12: 0 piv, qhia tias nce CH uptake los ntawm larvae. Interestingly, cov disaccharides MAL thiab SUC txhawb lauric acid synthesis zoo dua li lawv cov monosaccharides constituent, tawm tswv yim hais tias txawm tias qhov siab dua ntawm polymerization ntawm GLU thiab FRU, thiab txij li Drosophila yog tib lub sucrose transporter uas tau raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj proteins, disaccharide transporters. tej zaum yuav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub plab ntawm H. illucens larvae15, kev siv ntawm GLU thiab FRU yog nce. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias GLU thiab FRU yog theoretically ntau yooj yim metabolized los ntawm BSF, lawv kuj tau yooj yim metabolized los ntawm substrates thiab plab kab mob, uas tej zaum yuav ua rau lawv degradation sai dua thiab txo kev siv los ntawm larvae piv rau disaccharides.
Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, cov lipid cov ntsiab lus ntawm larvae pub LAC thiab MAL yog sib piv, qhia zoo sib xws bioavailability ntawm cov suab thaj. Txawm li cas los xij, xav tsis thoob, FA profile ntawm LAC yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv SFA, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog qis C12: 0 cov ntsiab lus, piv rau MAL. Ib qho kev xav los piav qhia qhov txawv no yog tias LAC tuaj yeem txhawb nqa bioaccumulation ntawm kev noj haus FA ntawm acetyl-CoA FA synthase. Txhawb nqa qhov kev xav no, LAC larvae muaj qhov qis tshaj plaws decanoate (C10: 0) piv (0.77 ± 0.13%) dua li CEL noj zaub mov (1.27 ± 0.16%), qhia tias txo qis FA synthase thiab thioesterase kev ua ub no19. Qhov thib ob, kev noj zaub mov fatty acids raug suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau SFA muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm H. illucens27. Hauv peb qhov kev sim, linoleic acid (C18: 2n6) suav txog 54.81% ntawm cov khoom noj fatty acids, nrog rau kev faib ua feem ntawm LAC larvae yog 17.22 ± 0.46% thiab hauv MAL 12.58 ± 0.67%. Oleic acid (cis + trans C18: 1n9) (23.22% hauv kev noj zaub mov) pom qhov sib xws. Qhov piv ntawm α-linolenic acid (C18: 3n3) kuj txhawb nqa bioaccumululation hypothesis. Qhov no fatty acid yog paub mus sau nyob rau hauv BSFL raws li substrate enrichment, xws li ntxiv ntawm flaxseed ncuav mog qab zib, mus txog 6-9% ntawm tag nrho cov fatty acids nyob rau hauv larvae19. Hauv kev noj zaub mov zoo, C18: 3n3 tuaj yeem suav txog li 35% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj fatty acids. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, C18: 3n3 suav tsuas yog 2.51% ntawm fatty acid profile. Txawm hais tias qhov kev faib ua feem pom muaj nyob hauv qhov qis dua hauv peb cov larvae, qhov kev faib ua feem no siab dua hauv LAC larvae (0.87 ± 0.02%) dua li hauv MAL (0.49 ± 0.04%) (p < 0.001; Saib Ntxiv Table S1). Kev noj zaub mov CEL muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm 0.72 ± 0.18%. Thaum kawg, qhov sib piv ntawm palmitic acid (C16: 0) hauv CF larvae qhia txog kev koom tes ntawm cov txheej txheem hluavtaws thiab kev noj haus FA19. Hoc et al. 19 tau pom tias C16: 0 synthesis raug txo thaum noj zaub mov tau ntxiv nrog flaxseed pluas noj, uas yog vim qhov txo qis ntawm qhov muaj acetyl-CoA substrate vim qhov txo qis hauv CH piv. Kuj ceeb tias, txawm hais tias ob qho tib si cov khoom noj muaj cov ntsiab lus CH zoo sib xws thiab MAL pom muaj ntau dua bioavailability, MAL larvae pom qhov qis tshaj C16: 0 piv (10.46 ± 0.77%), qhov LAC pom qhov feem ntau dua, suav txog 12.85 ± 0.27% (p <0.05; saib Ntxiv Table S1). Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov as-ham ntawm BSFL digestion thiab metabolism. Tam sim no, kev tshawb fawb txog cov ncauj lus no tau meej meej hauv Lepidoptera dua li hauv Diptera. Hauv kab ntsig, LAC tau txheeb xyuas tias yog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo piv rau lwm cov suab thaj uas muaj kuab lom xws li SUC thiab FRU34,35. Hauv particular, hauv Spodopteralittoralis (Boisduval 1833), MAL noj tau txhawb kev ua haujlwm amylolytic hauv txoj hnyuv kom ntau dua li LAC34. Cov teebmeem zoo sib xws hauv BSFL tuaj yeem piav qhia txog kev txhawb nqa ntawm C12: 0 hluavtaws txoj hauv kev hauv MAL larvae, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev nce hauv plab hnyuv CH, kev pub noj ntev ntev, thiab txoj hnyuv amylase. Tsawg stimulation ntawm kev pub noj atherosclerosis nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm LAC kuj yuav piav qhia txog kev loj hlob qeeb ntawm LAC larvae. Ntxiv mus, Liu Yanxia et al. 27 tau sau tseg tias lub neej txee ntawm lipids hauv H. illucens substrates tau ntev dua li ntawm CH. Yog li, LAC larvae tuaj yeem vam khom ntau dua ntawm kev noj zaub mov lipid kom ua tiav lawv txoj kev loj hlob, uas tuaj yeem nce lawv cov ntsiab lus lipid kawg thiab hloov kho lawv cov fatty acid profile.
Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, tsuas yog qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau sim cov teebmeem ntawm monosaccharide thiab disaccharide ntxiv rau BSF cov zaub mov ntawm lawv cov FA profile. First, Li et al. 30 tau soj ntsuam cov teebmeem ntawm GLU thiab xylose thiab pom cov qib lipid zoo ib yam li peb ntawm 8% ntxiv tus nqi. FA profile tsis tau qhia meej thiab muaj feem ntau ntawm SFA, tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob lub suab thaj lossis thaum lawv tau nthuav tawm ib txhij 30. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cohn et al. 41 tsis pom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm 20% GLU, SUC, FRU thiab GAL ntxiv rau nqaij qaib pub rau ntawm FA profile. Cov spectra no tau txais los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis ntau dua li cov khoom siv roj ntsha, uas, raws li tau piav qhia los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, tuaj yeem txwv qhov kev txheeb xyuas txheeb cais. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsis muaj iso-qab zib tswj (siv CEL) txwv kev txhais cov txiaj ntsig. Tsis ntev los no, ob txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Nugroho RA li al. pom kev tsis txaus ntseeg hauv FA spectra42,43. Hauv thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb, Nugroho RA et al. 43 tau sim cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntxiv FRU rau fermented palm kernel pluas noj. FA profile ntawm qhov tshwm sim larvae pom qhov txawv txav ntawm PUFA, ntau dua 90% ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj 10% FRU (zoo ib yam li peb txoj kev kawm). Txawm hais tias cov khoom noj no muaj PUFA-nplua nuj ntses pellets, qhov tshaj tawm FA profile qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov larvae ntawm kev tswj kev noj zaub mov uas muaj 100% fermented PCM tsis zoo ib yam nrog ib qho kev qhia yav dhau los, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov txawv txav ntawm C18: 3n3 ntawm 17.77. ± 1.67% thiab 26.08 ± 0.20% rau conjugated linoleic acid (C18: 2n6t), tsis tshua muaj isomer ntawm linoleic acid. Txoj kev tshawb fawb thib ob tau pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws suav nrog FRU, GLU, MAL thiab SUC42 hauv fermented palm kernel pluas noj. Cov kev tshawb fawb no, zoo li peb, qhia txog cov teeb meem loj hauv kev sib piv cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm BSF larval kev sim noj zaub mov, xws li kev tswj hwm kev xaiv, kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov khoom noj khoom haus, thiab FA tsom xam txoj hauv kev.
Thaum lub sij hawm sim, peb pom tias cov xim thiab tsw ntawm lub substrate sib txawv nyob ntawm seb cov khoom noj siv. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov kab mob tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv cov txiaj ntsig tau pom hauv substrate thiab lub plab zom mov ntawm cov larvae. Qhov tseeb, monosaccharides thiab disaccharides tau yooj yim metabolised los ntawm colonizing microorganisms. Kev noj cov suab thaj sai sai los ntawm cov kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tso tawm ntau ntawm microbial metabolic khoom xws li ethanol, lactic acid, luv-chain fatty acids (xws li acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid) thiab carbon dioxide44. Qee qhov sib xyaw ua ke no tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm rau cov tshuaj lom neeg tuag ntawm cov larvae kuj tau pom los ntawm Cohn li al.41 nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws. Piv txwv li, ethanol yog teeb meem rau kab45. Qhov ntau ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide emissions yuav ua rau nws tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank, uas tej zaum yuav deprivate cov huab cua ntawm oxygen yog hais tias huab cua ncig tsis pub nws tso tawm. Hais txog SCFAs, lawv cov teebmeem ntawm cov kab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog H. illucens, tseem tsis to taub, txawm hais tias lactic acid, propionic acid, thiab butyric acid tau pom tias ua rau tuag taus hauv Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius 1775)46. Hauv Drosophila melanogaster Meigen 1830, SCFAs yog cov cim olfactory uas coj cov poj niam mus rau qhov chaw oviposition, qhia txog lub luag haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev loj hlob larval47. Txawm li cas los xij, acetic acid yog cais raws li cov khoom siv phom sij thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm larval47. Hauv qhov sib piv, microbially derived lactate tsis ntev los no tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv plab hnyuv microbes hauv Drosophila48. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob hauv lub plab zom mov kuj ua lub luag haujlwm hauv CH digestion hauv kab 49. Physiological teebmeem ntawm SCFAs ntawm lub plab microbiota, xws li kev noj zaub mov thiab kev qhia cov noob, tau piav qhia hauv vertebrates 50 . Lawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau H. illucens larvae thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj feem rau kev tswj hwm ntawm FA profiles. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv microbial fermentation no yuav qhia meej txog lawv cov teebmeem ntawm H. illucens khoom noj khoom haus thiab muab lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig los yog kev puas tsuaj rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab tus nqi ntawm FA-nplua nuj substrates. Hauv qhov no, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob microorganisms hauv cov txheej txheem digestive ntawm cov kab ua liaj ua teb coob zuj zus tau raug kawm. Kab yog pib raug saib raws li bioreactors, muab pH thiab oxygenation tej yam kev mob uas pab txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv degradation los yog detoxification ntawm as-ham uas nyuaj rau kab mus zom 51. Tsis ntev los no, Xiang et al.52 tau qhia tias, piv txwv li, inoculation ntawm cov organic pov tseg nrog cov kab mob sib tov tso cai rau CF los nyiam cov kab mob tshwj xeeb hauv lignocellulose degradation, txhim kho nws cov degradation hauv cov substrate piv rau substrates yam tsis muaj larvae.
Thaum kawg, hais txog kev siv cov organic pov tseg los ntawm H. illucens, CEL thiab SUC cov khoom noj tau tsim cov larvae ntau tshaj ib hnub. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias txawm tias qhov hnyav kawg ntawm ib tus neeg, tag nrho cov larval hnyav uas ua rau ntawm lub substrate uas muaj cov indigestible CH yog piv rau qhov tau txais ntawm homosaccharide noj uas muaj monosaccharides thiab disaccharides. Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov qib ntawm lwm cov as-ham txaus los txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg larval thiab qhov sib ntxiv ntawm CEL yuav tsum txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kawg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov larvae sib txawv, qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv lub tswv yim zoo rau kev saib xyuas cov kab. CEL larvae pub nrog tag nrho pub yog tsim nyog rau kev siv raws li tsiaj pub vim lawv cov roj tsawg thiab qis lauric acid theem, whereas larvae noj nrog SUC los yog MAL cov zaub mov yuav tsum defatting los ntawm nias kom nce tus nqi ntawm cov roj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub biofuel. sector. LAC muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj siv mis los ntawm cov khoom xws li whey los ntawm cheese ntau lawm. Tsis ntev los no, nws siv (3.5% lactose) txhim kho qhov kawg ntawm lub cev hnyav 53. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tswj hwm kev noj haus hauv txoj kev tshawb no muaj ib nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus lipid. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm LAC tuaj yeem raug cuam tshuam los ntawm larval bioaccuulation ntawm kev noj haus lipids.
Raws li pom los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, cov khoom ntawm monosaccharides thiab disaccharides cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm BSFL thiab hloov kho nws cov FA profile. Tshwj xeeb, LAC zoo li ua lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv thaum lub sijhawm yug menyuam los ntawm kev txwv qhov muaj CH rau kev noj zaub mov lipid nqus, yog li txhawb UFA bioaccumululation. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, nws yuav nthuav kom ua bioassays siv cov khoom noj sib xyaw PUFA thiab LAC. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm microbial metabolites (xws li SCFAs) tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem qab zib fermentation, tseem yog cov ncauj lus tshawb fawb tsim nyog rau kev tshawb nrhiav.
Kab tau txais los ntawm BSF colony ntawm Laboratory of Functional thiab Evolutionary Entomology tsim nyob rau hauv 2017 ntawm Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium (kom paub meej ntxiv txog txoj kev tu, saib Hoc et al. 19). Rau kev sim, 2.0 g ntawm BSF qe tau random sau txhua hnub los ntawm kev yug me nyuam tawb thiab incubated nyob rau hauv 2.0 kg ntawm 70% ntub nqaij qaib pub (Aveve, Leuven, Belgium). Tsib hnub tom qab hatching, larvae raug cais tawm ntawm substrate thiab suav manually rau kev sim. Thawj qhov hnyav ntawm txhua pawg tau ntsuas. Qhov nruab nrab tus neeg qhov hnyav yog 7.125 ± 0.41 mg, thiab qhov nruab nrab rau txhua qhov kev kho mob tau qhia hauv Cov Lus Ntxiv S2.
Cov qauv kev noj haus tau hloov kho los ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Barragan-Fonseca li al. 38. Luv luv, pom muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm tib qho kev noj zaub mov zoo rau cov qaib larval, zoo li cov khoom qhuav (DM) cov ntsiab lus, siab CH (10% raws li cov khoom noj tshiab) thiab kev ntxhib los mos, vim cov suab thaj yooj yim thiab cov disaccharides tsis muaj cov khoom siv. Raws li cov chaw tsim khoom cov ntaub ntawv (Chicken Feed, AVEVE, Leuven, Belgium), qhov kuaj CH (ie soluble qab zib) tau ntxiv cais raws li cov tshuaj autoclaved aqueous (15.9%) rau cov khoom noj uas muaj 16.0% protein, 5.0% tag nrho lipids, 11.9% av qaib pub muaj tshauv thiab 4.8% fiber. Hauv txhua 750 ml hub (17.20 × 11.50 × 6.00 cm, AVA, Tempsee, Belgium), 101.9 g ntawm autoclaved CH tov yog tov nrog 37.8 g ntawm nqaij qaib pub. Rau txhua qhov kev noj haus, cov ntsiab lus qhuav yog 37.0%, suav nrog homogeneous protein (11.7%), homogeneous lipids (3.7%) thiab homogeneous qab zib (26.9% ntawm ntxiv CH). Kev kuaj CH yog cov piam thaj (GLU), fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC) thiab lactose (LAC). Kev tswj kev noj zaub mov muaj cov cellulose (CEL), uas suav tias yog indigestible rau H. illucens larvae 38 . Ib puas 5-hnub larvae tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub tais nrog lub hau nrog ib lub qhov ntev ntawm 1 cm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab npog nrog ib tug yas yoov tshaj cum. Txhua qhov kev noj haus tau rov ua dua plaub zaug.
Larval luj tau ntsuas peb hnub tom qab pib qhov kev sim. Rau txhua qhov kev ntsuas, 20 larvae raug tshem tawm ntawm lub substrate siv cov dej sov uas tsis muaj menyuam thiab cov forceps, qhuav, thiab hnyav (STX223, Ohaus Scout, Parsippany, USA). Tom qab hnyav, larvae raug xa rov qab mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub substrate. Kev ntsuas tau ua tsis tu ncua peb zaug hauv ib lub lis piam kom txog thaum thawj prepupa tshwm sim. Hauv qhov no, sau, suav, thiab ntsuas tag nrho cov larvae raws li tau piav qhia dhau los. Cais theem 6 larvae (piv txwv li, cov larvae dawb sib haum rau cov larvas theem ua ntej lub prepupal theem) thiab prepupae (ie, lub xeem larvae thaum lub sij hawm BSF larvae tig dub, tsis pub noj, thiab nrhiav ib puag ncig haum rau metamorphosis) thiab khaws cia ntawm - 18 ° C rau kev ntsuam xyuas muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov txiaj ntsig tau muab xam raws li qhov sib piv ntawm tag nrho cov kab kab (larvae thiab prepupae ntawm theem 6) tau txais ib phaj (g) rau lub sijhawm txhim kho (d). Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv cov ntawv nyeem yog qhia raws li: txhais tau tias ± SD.
Tag nrho cov kauj ruam tom ntej uas siv cov kuab tshuaj (hexane (Hex), chloroform (CHCl3), methanol (MeOH)) tau ua nyob rau hauv lub hood fume thiab yuav tsum tau hnav hnab looj tes nitrile, aprons thiab tsom iav kev nyab xeeb.
Cov larvae dawb tau qhuav hauv lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws FreeZone6 (Labconco Corp., Kansas City, MO, USA) rau 72 teev thiab tom qab ntawd hauv av (IKA A10, Staufen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees). Tag nrho cov lipids tau muab rho tawm los ntawm ± 1 g ntawm hmoov siv txoj kev Folch 54. Cov dej seem seem ntawm txhua tus qauv lyophilized tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv duplicate siv lub ntsuas dej noo (MA 150, Sartorius, Göttiggen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) los kho tag nrho cov lipids.
Tag nrho cov lipids tau transesterified nyob rau hauv acidic tej yam kev mob kom tau fatty acid methyl esters. Luv luv, kwv yees li 10 mg lipids / 100 µl CHCl3 tov (100 µl) tau evaporated nrog nitrogen hauv 8 ml Pyrex© tube (SciLabware - DWK Life Sciences, London, UK). Cov raj tau muab tso rau hauv Hex (0.5 ml) (PESTINORM®SUPRATRACE n-Hexane> 95% rau cov organic trace analysis, VWR Chemicals, Radnor, PA, USA) thiab Hex/MeOH/BF3 (20/25/55) tov (0.5) ml) hauv dej da dej ntawm 70 ° C rau 90 min. Tom qab txias, 10% aqueous H2SO4 tov (0.2 ml) thiab saturated NaCl tov (0.5 ml) ntxiv. Sib tov lub raj thiab sau cov sib tov nrog huv Hex (8.0 mL). Ib feem ntawm cov theem sab saud raug xa mus rau lub vial thiab soj ntsuam los ntawm cov pa roj chromatography nrog cov nplaim ionization ntes (GC-FID). Cov qauv raug txheeb xyuas siv Trace GC Ultra (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) nruab nrog cov sib cais / tsis sib cais (240 ° C) hauv kev sib cais (split flow: 10 mL / min), Stabilwax®-DA kem ( 30 m, 0.25 mm id, 0.25 μm, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, PA, USA) thiab FID (250 ° C). Qhov kev ntsuas kub tau teem raws li hauv qab no: 50 ° C rau 1 min, nce mus rau 150 ° C ntawm 30 ° C / min, nce mus rau 240 ° C ntawm 4 ° C / min thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm 240 ° C rau 5 min. Hex tau siv los ua qhov khoob thiab cov qauv siv uas muaj 37 fatty acid methyl esters (Supelco 37-component FAMEmix, Sigma-Aldrich, Overijse, Belgium) tau siv los txheeb xyuas. Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) tau lees paub los ntawm kev ua tiav ob sab GC (GC × GC-FID) thiab muaj cov isomers raug txiav txim siab los ntawm kev hloov me ntsis ntawm txoj kev Ferrara li al. 55. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cuab yeej muaj nyob rau hauv Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv S3 thiab cov txiaj ntsig hauv Daim Duab Ntxiv S5.
Cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm hauv Excel daim ntawv nthuav dav (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). Kev txheeb cais tau ua tiav siv R Studio (version 2023.12.1+402, Boston, USA) 56 . Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm tus menyuam mos, lub sijhawm txhim kho thiab kev tsim khoom tau kwv yees siv cov qauv linear (LM) (hais "lm", R pob "stats" 56) raws li lawv haum rau Gaussian tis. Cov kev ciaj sia taus siv cov qauv binomial tsom xam tau kwv yees siv cov qauv kab dav dav (GLM) (qib "glm", R pob "lme4" 57 ). Ib txwm thiab homoscedasticity tau lees paub siv Shapiro xeem (hais “shapiro.test”, R pob “stats” 56 ) thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv (hais kom betadisper, R pob “vegan” 58 ). Tom qab kev soj ntsuam ua ke ntawm qhov tseem ceeb p-tus nqi (p <0.05) los ntawm LM lossis GLM xeem, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov pab pawg tau kuaj pom siv EMM xeem (hais "emmeans", R pob "emmeans" 59).
Qhov ua tiav FA spectra tau muab piv nrog kev ntsuas kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv (ie permMANOVA; hais kom "adonis2", R pob "vegan" 58) siv Euclidean nrug matrix thiab 999 permutations. Qhov no yuav pab txheeb xyuas cov fatty acids uas cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev noj zaub mov carbohydrates. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv FA profiles tau raug tshuaj xyuas ntxiv los ntawm kev sib piv ua ke. Tom qab ntawd cov ntaub ntawv tau pom los ntawm kev siv tus thawj tswj hwm kev tsom xam (PCA) (kev txib "PCA", R pob "FactoMineR" 60). FA lub luag haujlwm rau qhov sib txawv no tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev txhais cov voj voog sib txuas. Cov neeg sib tw no tau lees paub tias siv ib txoj kev tsom xam ntawm qhov sib txawv (ANOVA) (cov lus txib "aov", R pob "stats" 56 ) ua raws li Tukey's post hoc test (command TukeyHSD, R pob "stats" 56). Ua ntej kev soj ntsuam, qhov qub tau raug ntsuas los ntawm kev sim Shapiro-Wilk, homoscedasticity raug kuaj xyuas siv Bartlett test (qib lus "bartlett.test", R pob "stats" 56), thiab siv txoj kev tsis sib xws yog tias tsis muaj ob qhov kev xav tau ua tiav. . Kev txheeb xyuas tau muab piv (hais kom “kruskal.test”, R pob “stats” 56), thiab tom qab ntawd Dunn cov kev xeem tom qab hoc tau siv (hais kom dunn.test, R pob “dunn.test” 56 ).
Cov ntawv kawg ntawm cov ntawv sau raug txheeb xyuas siv Grammarly Editor ua tus nyeem ntawv Askiv (Grammarly Inc., San Francisco, California, USA) 61 .
Cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm thiab tshuaj xyuas thaum lub sijhawm kawm tam sim no muaj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv raws li qhov kev thov tsim nyog.
Kim, SW, et al. Ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau thoob ntiaj teb rau cov khoom noj protein: cov nyom, cov cib fim, thiab cov tswv yim. Annals of Animal Biosciences 7, 221–243 (2019).
Caparros Megido, R., et al. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab kev cia siab ntawm ntiaj teb kev tsim cov kab noj tau. Entomol. Gen. 44, (2024).
Rehman, K. ur, et al. Cov tub rog dub ya (Hermetia illucens) ua lub peev xwm tshiab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tswj hwm cov khoom pov tseg: Kev tshuaj xyuas luv luv. Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tswj Pov Hwm 41, 81–97 (2023).
Skala, A., et al. Rearing substrate influences txoj kev loj hlob thiab macronutrient xwm txheej ntawm industrially tsim dub tub rog ya larvae. Sci. Rep. 10, 19448 (2020).
Shu, MK, et al. Antimicrobial zog ntawm cov roj rho tawm los ntawm cov tub rog dub ya larvae reared ntawm breadcrumbs. Animal Food Science, 64, (2024).
Schmitt, E. and de Vries, W. (2020). Cov txiaj ntsig muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv cov tub rog dub ya quav ua av hloov kho rau kev tsim khoom noj thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam ib puag ncig. Kev xav tam sim no. Ntsuab Sustain. 25, 100335 (2020).
Franco A. et al. Cov tub rog dub ya lipids - qhov chaw tshiab thiab ruaj khov. Sustainable Development, Vol. 13, (2021).
Van Huis, A. Kab ua zaub mov thiab pub, thaj chaw tshiab hauv kev ua liaj ua teb: kev tshuaj xyuas. J. Kab Pub 6, 27–44 (2020).
Kachor, M., Bulak, P., Prots-Petrikha, K., Kirichenko-Babko, M., thiab Beganovsky, A. Ntau yam kev siv cov tub rog dub ya hauv kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb - kev tshuaj xyuas. Biology 12, (2023).
Hock, B., Noel, G., Carpentier, J., Francis, F., thiab Caparros Megido, R. Optimization of artificial propagation of Hermetia illucens. PLOS 14, (2019).
Post lub sij hawm: Dec-25-2024