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Kev ua liaj ua teb kab yog ib txoj hauv kev muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov protein ntau thoob ntiaj teb thiab yog ib txoj haujlwm tshiab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb sab hnub poob uas muaj ntau cov lus nug tseem ceeb txog cov khoom zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb. Kab tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam ncig los ntawm kev hloov biowaste rau hauv biomass muaj txiaj ntsig. Kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm cov zaub mov substrate rau mealworms yog los ntawm cov khoom ntub dej. Qhov no tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm biowaste, ua kom kab ua liaj ua teb zoo dua. Tsab ntawv xov xwm no qhia txog kev noj zaub mov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kab mob noj zaub mov (Tenebrio molitor) noj nrog cov tshuaj organic los ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Cov no suav nrog zaub tsis muag, qos yaj ywm slices, fermented chicory keeb kwm thiab vaj nplooj. Nws raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib xyaw ua ke, fatty acid profile, ntxhia thiab hnyav hlau cov ntsiab lus. Mealworms noj qos yaj ywm slices muaj ob tug rog cov ntsiab lus thiab nce nyob rau hauv saturated thiab monounsaturated fatty acids. Kev siv cov fermented chicory hauv paus tsub kom cov ntxhia cov ntsiab lus thiab accumulates hnyav hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev nqus ntawm cov zaub mov los ntawm cov pluas noj yog xaiv, vim tias tsuas yog calcium, hlau thiab manganese ntau ntxiv. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov zaub sib xyaw lossis vaj nplooj mus rau kev noj haus yuav tsis hloov pauv cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo. Nyob rau hauv xaus, cov by-product kwj tau ntse hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug protein-nplua nuj biomass, cov as-ham cov ntsiab lus thiab bioavailability uas cuam tshuam cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pluas noj.
Kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg cov pej xeem xav tias yuav ncav cuag 9.7 billion los ntawm 20501,2 tso siab rau peb cov khoom noj khoom haus los tiv thaiv qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov zaub mov. Nws kwv yees tias kev thov khoom noj yuav nce 70-80% ntawm 2012 thiab 20503,4,5. Cov peev txheej ntuj siv hauv kev tsim khoom noj tam sim no tau ploj mus, ua rau peb cov ecosystems thiab khoom noj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau cov biomass raug pov tseg nrog kev tsim khoom noj thiab kev noj haus. Nws kwv yees tias los ntawm 2050, txhua xyoo thoob ntiaj teb pov tseg ntim yuav ncav cuag 27 billion tonnes, feem ntau yog bio-kua pov tseg 6,7,8. Hauv kev teb rau cov kev cov nyom no, cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab, kev hloov zaub mov thiab kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab khoom noj khoom haus tau raug npaj 9,10,11. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo li no yog siv cov organic residues los tsim cov khoom siv raw xws li cov kab noj tau raws li cov khoom noj khoom haus ruaj khov thiab pub12,13. Kab ua liaj ua teb ua rau qis qis hauv tsev cog khoom roj thiab ammonia emissions, yuav tsum tau dej tsawg dua li cov khoom noj protein, thiab tuaj yeem tsim tau hauv cov kab ua liaj ua teb ntsug, xav tau qhov chaw tsawg dua 14,15,16,17,18,19. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov kab tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov khoom pov tseg uas tsis muaj nqi rau hauv cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo-nplua nuj biomass nrog cov ntsiab lus qhuav txog li 70% 20,21,22. Tsis tas li ntawd, biomass uas tsis muaj nqi tam sim no yog siv rau kev tsim hluav taws xob, pov tseg lossis rov ua dua tshiab thiab yog li ntawd tsis muaj kev sib tw nrog cov khoom noj tam sim no thiab pub zaub mov sector23,24,25,26. Mealworm (T. molitor)27 yog suav hais tias yog ib hom kev cog lus zoo tshaj plaws rau cov zaub mov loj thiab cov khoom noj pub. Ob leeg larvae thiab cov neeg laus noj ntau yam khoom xws li cov khoom nplej, tsiaj khib nyiab, zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab lwm yam. 28,29. Nyob rau hauv Western haiv neeg, T. molitor yog bred nyob rau hauv captivity ntawm ib tug me me nplai, feem ntau yog pub rau cov tsiaj nyeg xws li noog los yog cov tsiaj reptiles. Tam sim no, lawv lub peev xwm hauv kev tsim khoom noj thiab pub khoom noj tau txais ntau dua 30,31,32. Piv txwv li, T. molitor tau txais kev pom zoo nrog cov khoom noj tshiab, suav nrog kev siv cov khoom khov, qhuav thiab hmoov (Regulation (EU) No 258/97 and Regulation (EU) 2015/2283) 33. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim khoom loj. ntawm kab rau zaub mov thiab pub yog tseem yog ib lub tswv yim tshiab nyob rau hauv Western lub teb chaws. Kev lag luam ntsib cov teeb meem xws li kev paub tsis meej txog kev noj zaub mov zoo thiab kev tsim khoom, khoom noj khoom haus zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg, thiab cov teeb meem kev nyab xeeb xws li kev tsim cov tshuaj lom thiab kab mob microbial. Tsis zoo li kev ua liaj ua teb ib txwm muaj, kev ua liaj ua teb kab tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm zoo sib xws 17,24,25,34.
Txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tshawb fawb txog cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kab mob noj zaub mov, cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam rau lawv cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov kab yuav muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis tsis pom cov qauv meej. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb no tau tsom mus rau cov protein thiab lipid Cheebtsam ntawm cov kab mob noj zaub mov, tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg ntawm cov ntxhia hauv cov khoom xyaw 21,22,32,35,36,37,38,39,40. Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog xav tau kom nkag siab txog lub peev xwm nqus dej ntxhia. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau xaus lus tias cov kab mob qoob loo tau noj cov zaub radish tau nce siab me ntsis ntawm qee cov zaub mov. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig no tsuas yog txwv rau kev sim cov substrate, thiab kev sim ua lag luam ntxiv yog xav tau 41. Kev sib sau ntawm cov hlau hnyav (Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg) hauv cov pluas noj tau raug tshaj tawm tias muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus hlau ntawm matrix. Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau pom nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov hauv cov tsiaj pub muaj qis dua kev cai lij choj 42, arsenic kuj tau pom muaj bioaccumulate nyob rau hauv cov kab mob larvae, hos cadmium thiab txhuas tsis bioaccumulate43. Kev nkag siab txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kab mob noj zaub mov yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb siv hauv zaub mov thiab pub.
Txoj kev tshawb no nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv no tsom mus rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv ua liaj ua teb los ua cov khoom noj ntub dej ntawm cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov zaub mov. Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom noj qhuav, cov khoom ntub yuav tsum tau muab rau cov larvae. Cov khoom noj ntub dej muab cov dej noo tsim nyog thiab tseem ua cov khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv rau cov kab mob noj zaub mov, nce kev loj hlob thiab siab tshaj lub cev hnyav 44,45. Raws li peb cov ntaub ntawv qhia kev noj zaub mov zoo hauv Interreg-Valusect, tag nrho cov pluas noj pluas noj muaj 57% w / w ntub pub. Feem ntau, cov zaub tshiab (xws li carrots) yog siv los ua cov khoom noj ntub dej 35,36,42,44,46. Kev siv cov khoom lag luam qis qis raws li cov khoom noj ntub dej yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua thiab kev lag luam rau kev ua liaj ua teb kab17. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog (1) tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv biowaste li ntub dej ntawm cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pluas noj, (2) txiav txim siab txog macro- thiab micronutrient cov ntsiab lus ntawm mealworm larvae reared ntawm mineral-nplua nuj biowaste los kuaj qhov ua tau. mineral fortification, thiab (3) ntsuam xyuas kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov by-products nyob rau hauv kab ua liaj ua teb los ntawm kev soj ntsuam lub xub ntiag thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm hnyav. hlau Pb, Cd thiab Cr. Txoj kev tshawb no yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm biowaste supplementation ntawm mealworm larval noj zaub mov, khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig thiab kev nyab xeeb.
Cov ntsiab lus qhuav qhuav nyob rau sab nraud yog siab dua piv rau kev tswj cov khoom noj khoom haus ntub dej agar. Cov ntsiab lus qhuav qhuav hauv cov zaub sib tov thiab cov nplooj vaj zaub yog tsawg dua 10%, thaum nws yog siab dua hauv cov qos yaj ywm txiav thiab fermented chicory keeb kwm (13.4 thiab 29.9 g / 100 g tshiab, FM).
Cov zaub sib tov muaj cov hmoov tshauv ntau dua, cov roj thiab cov protein ntau thiab cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog-fibrous carbohydrate tsawg dua li kev tswj hwm pub (agar), thaum cov tshuaj amylase-kho nruab nrab cov tshuaj fiber ntau zoo sib xws. Cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate ntawm cov qos yaj ywm slices yog siab tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov sab kwj thiab yog piv rau cov agar. Zuag qhia tag nrho, nws cov crude muaj pes tsawg leeg feem ntau zoo ib yam li kev tswj pub, tab sis tau ntxiv nrog me me ntawm cov protein (4.9%) thiab crude tshauv (2.9%) 47,48. Lub pH ntawm qos yaj ywm yog li ntawm 5 mus rau 6, thiab nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias cov qos yaj ywm sab kwj dej no yog acidic ntau (4.7). Fermented chicory paus yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv tshauv thiab yog acidic tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov sab kwj. Txij li cov hauv paus hniav tsis tau ntxuav, feem ntau ntawm cov tshauv yuav tsum muaj cov xuab zeb (silica). Lub vaj nplooj tsuas yog cov khoom alkaline piv rau kev tswj hwm thiab lwm cov kwj deg. Nws muaj cov hmoov tshauv thiab cov protein ntau thiab cov carbohydrates tsawg dua li kev tswj hwm. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ze tshaj rau fermented chicory paus, tab sis cov crude protein concentration yog siab dua (15.0%), uas yog piv rau cov protein cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov zaub sib tov. Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no tau pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv raw thiab pH ntawm cov dej ntws.
Ntxiv cov zaub sib tov lossis vaj nplooj rau cov zaub mov noj tsis cuam tshuam rau biomass muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm mealworm larvae piv rau pawg tswj hwm (Table 1). Ntxiv cov qos yaj ywm txiav ua rau qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv biomass muaj pes tsawg leeg piv rau pawg tswj hwm tau txais cov kab mob kab mob thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom ntub dej. Raws li rau cov ntsiab lus protein ntawm mealworms, nrog rau kev zam ntawm qos cuttings, sib txawv kwv yees muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm sab kwj dej tsis cuam tshuam cov protein cov ntsiab lus ntawm larvae. Pub qos yaj ywm cuttings raws li qhov chaw ntawm noo noo ua rau ib tug ob-fold nce nyob rau hauv cov roj cov ntsiab lus ntawm larvae thiab ib tug txo nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein, chitin, thiab non-fibrous carbohydrates. Fermented chicory hauv paus nce cov hmoov tshauv ntawm mealworm larvae los ntawm ib thiab ib nrab zaug.
Mineral profiles tau nthuav tawm raws li macromineral (Table 2) thiab micronutrient (Table 3) cov ntsiab lus hauv cov khoom noj ntub dej thiab plua plav larval biomass.
Feem ntau, txoj kev ua liaj ua teb tau nplua nuj nyob hauv macrominerals piv rau pawg tswj hwm, tshwj tsis yog cov qos yaj ywm txiav, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus qis Mg, Na thiab Ca. Potassium concentration yog siab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sidestreams piv rau kev tswj. Agar muaj 3 mg / 100 g DM K, thaum K concentration nyob rau hauv lub sidestream ranges ntawm 1070 mus rau 9909 mg / 100 g DM. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm macromineral nyob rau hauv cov zaub sib tov yog ho siab tshaj nyob rau hauv lub tswj pab pawg neeg, tab sis Na cov ntsiab lus yog ho qis dua (88 vs. 111 mg / 100 g DM). Macromineral concentration nyob rau hauv qos yaj ywm cuttings yog qhov qis tshaj ntawm tag nrho cov sidestreams. Cov ntsiab lus macromineral hauv qos yaj ywm txiav tau qis dua li lwm qhov kev sib tshuam thiab kev tswj hwm. Tsuas yog tias Mg cov ntsiab lus tau muab piv rau pawg tswj hwm. Txawm hais tias fermented chicory hauv paus tsis muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm macrominerals, cov hmoov tshauv ntawm cov kwj dej no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov kwj dej. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim lub fact tias lawv tsis huv thiab tej zaum yuav muaj siab concentrations silica (xuab zeb). Cov ntsiab lus Na thiab Ca tau muab piv rau cov zaub sib xyaw. Fermented chicory hauv paus muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm Na ntawm tag nrho cov kwj sab. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm Na, horticultural nplooj muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm macrominerals ntawm tag nrho cov wet forages. K concentration (9909 mg / 100 g DM) yog peb txhiab npaug siab dua li kev tswj hwm (3 mg / 100 g DM) thiab 2.5 npaug siab dua li cov zaub sib xyaw (4057 mg / 100 g DM). Cov ntsiab lus Ca yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua sab kwj (7276 mg / 100 g DM), 20 npaug siab dua li kev tswj hwm (336 mg / 100 g DM) thiab 14 npaug siab dua li Ca concentration hauv fermented chicory keeb kwm lossis zaub sib xyaw (530 thiab 496 mg / 100 g DM).
Txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus macromineral (Table 2), tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv macromineral muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm mealworms tsa ntawm cov zaub sib xyaw thiab tswj kev noj zaub mov.
Larvae pub qos yaj ywm crumbs tau txo qis qis ntawm tag nrho cov macrominerals piv rau kev tswj hwm, tshwj tsis yog Na, uas muaj qhov sib piv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qos yaj ywm nkig pub mis ua rau txo qis tshaj plaws hauv cov ntsiab lus macromineral piv rau lwm cov dej ntws. Qhov no zoo ib yam nrog cov tshauv qis tau pom nyob rau hauv cov kab noj hniav nyob ze. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias P thiab K tau nce siab dua hauv cov khoom noj ntub dej no ntau dua li lwm cov dej ntws thiab kev tswj hwm, cov larval muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis cuam tshuam qhov no. Qhov qis Ca thiab Mg concentrations pom nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov biomass tej zaum yuav muaj feem xyuam rau qhov tsawg Ca thiab Mg concentrations tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj ntub nws tus kheej.
Pub fermented chicory keeb kwm thiab orchard nplooj ua rau cov calcium ntau dua li kev tswj hwm. Orchard nplooj muaj cov qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm P, Mg, K thiab Ca ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj ntub dej, tab sis qhov no tsis tau xav txog hauv cov plua plav biomass. Na concentrations qis tshaj nyob rau hauv cov larvae, thaum Na concentrations siab dua nyob rau hauv orchard nplooj tshaj nyob rau hauv qos cuttings. Ca cov ntsiab lus tau nce hauv cov larvae (66 mg / 100 g DM), tab sis Ca concentrations tsis siab npaum li cov nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov biomass (79 mg / 100 g DM) nyob rau hauv fermented chicory cag sim, txawm hais tias Ca concentration hauv orchard nplooj qoob loo yog. 14 npaug siab dua hauv cov hauv paus chicory.
Raws li cov microelement muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom ntub dej (Table 3), cov ntxhia hauv cov zaub sib xyaw zoo ib yam li pawg tswj hwm, tshwj tsis yog tias Mn concentration tau qis dua. Concentrations ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas microelements tau qis dua hauv cov qos yaj ywm txiav piv rau kev tswj hwm thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam. Fermented chicory cag muaj yuav luag 100 npaug ntau dua hlau, 4 npaug ntau dua tooj liab, 2 zaug ntau zinc thiab txog tib tus nqi ntawm manganese. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm zinc thiab manganese nyob rau hauv nplooj ntawm cov qoob loo cog tau ntau dua li hauv pawg tswj hwm.
Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov larvae pub rau kev tswj hwm, zaub sib xyaw, thiab cov qos yaj ywm ntub cov khoom noj. Txawm li cas los xij, Fe thiab Mn cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov larvae pub cov fermented chicory hauv paus noj zaub mov txawv txawv ntawm cov pluas noj uas pub rau pawg tswj hwm. Qhov nce hauv Fe cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem yog vim qhov nce ntau pua ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov ntsiab lus hauv cov khoom noj ntub nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv Mn concentration ntawm fermented chicory keeb kwm thiab pawg tswj, Mn qib nce hauv cov larvae pub cov fermented chicory keeb kwm. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Mn concentration siab dua (3-fold) nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntub dej ntawm cov zaub mov horticulture piv rau kev tswj, tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv biomass muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov zaub mov. Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tswj thiab horticulture nplooj tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus Cu, uas yog qis dua ntawm nplooj.
Table 4 qhia txog qhov concentrations ntawm cov hlau hnyav uas muaj nyob hauv cov substrates. European siab tshaj plaws ntawm Pb, Cd thiab Cr nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsiaj pub tau hloov mus rau mg / 100 g qhuav teeb meem thiab ntxiv rau Table 4 los pab txhawb kev sib piv nrog cov concentrations pom nyob rau hauv sab kwj 47.
Tsis muaj Pb tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv kev tswj cov khoom ntub dej, cov zaub sib tov lossis cov qos yaj ywm brans, thaum lub vaj nplooj muaj 0.002 mg Pb / 100 g DM thiab fermented chicory cag muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.041 mg Pb / 100 g DM. C concentrations nyob rau hauv kev tswj pub thiab vaj nplooj tau muab piv (0.023 thiab 0.021 mg / 100 g DM), thaum lawv qis dua nyob rau hauv cov zaub sib tov thiab qos brans (0.004 thiab 0.007 mg / 100 g DM). Piv nrog rau lwm cov substrates, Cr concentration nyob rau hauv cov fermented chicory keeb kwm yog ho siab dua (0.135 mg / 100 g DM) thiab rau lub sij hawm siab tshaj nyob rau hauv kev tswj pub. Cd tsis raug kuaj pom hauv cov kwj tswj lossis ib qho ntawm cov kwj sab siv.
Cov qib siab dua ntawm Pb thiab Cr tau pom nyob rau hauv larvae noj fermented chicory keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, Cd tsis tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv cov kab mob plab hnyuv.
Kev soj ntsuam zoo ntawm cov roj fatty acids nyob rau hauv cov roj crude yog ua los txiav txim seb cov fatty acid profile ntawm mealworm larvae tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov kwj sab nraud uas lawv tau pub. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov fatty acids no muaj nyob rau hauv Table 5. Cov fatty acids tau teev los ntawm lawv cov npe thiab cov qauv molecular (tsim yog "Cx: y", qhov twg x sib raug rau cov pa roj carbon atoms thiab y rau tus naj npawb ntawm unsaturated bonds. ).
Cov fatty acid profile ntawm mealworms noj qos yaj ywm shreds tau hloov pauv. Lawv muaj ntau dua ntawm myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitic acid (C16: 0), palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), thiab oleic acid (C18: 1). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0), linoleic acid (C18: 2), thiab linolenic acid (C18: 3) tau qis dua piv rau lwm cov kab mob noj mov. Piv rau lwm cov fatty acid profiles, qhov piv ntawm C18: 1 rau C18: 2 tau thim rov qab hauv qos yaj ywm shreds. Mealworms noj horticultural nplooj muaj ntau dua ntawm pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) dua li mealworms noj lwm cov zaub mov ntub.
Fatty acids muab faib ua saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), thiab polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Table 5 qhia txog qhov concentration ntawm cov fatty acid pawg no. Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov fatty acid profiles ntawm mealworms noj qos yaj ywm pov tseg tau sib txawv ntawm kev tswj thiab lwm cov kwj dej. Rau txhua pab pawg fatty acid, cov kab mob noj zaub mov noj qos yaj ywm chips tau txawv ntawm txhua pawg. Lawv muaj ntau SFA thiab MUFA thiab tsawg dua PUFA.
Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ciaj sia taus thiab tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm cov larvae bred ntawm cov substrates sib txawv. Tag nrho qhov nruab nrab ciaj sia taus yog 90%, thiab tag nrho qhov nruab nrab qhov hnyav yog 974 grams. Mealworms ua tiav cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom ntub dej. Mealworm ntub pub nyiaj ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov khoom hnyav (qhuav + ntub). Hloov cov zaub tshiab nrog kev ua liaj ua teb los ntawm cov khoom lag luam raws li cov khoom noj ntub dej ib txwm muaj kev lag luam thiab ib puag ncig cov txiaj ntsig rau kev ua liaj ua teb.
Daim duab 1 qhia tau hais tias biomass muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm mealworm larvae reared nyob rau hauv kev tswj kev noj zaub mov yog kwv yees li 72% noo noo, 5% tshauv, 19% lipid, 51% protein, 8% chitin, thiab 18% qhuav teeb meem li non-fibrous carbohydrates. Qhov no yog piv nrog cov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv.48,49 Txawm li cas los xij, lwm yam khoom tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv, feem ntau nyob ntawm txoj kev tshuaj xyuas siv. Piv txwv li, peb tau siv txoj kev Kjeldahl los txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein tsis zoo nrog N rau P piv ntawm 5.33, hos lwm cov kws tshawb fawb siv qhov sib piv ntau dua ntawm 6.25 rau cov nqaij thiab pub cov qauv.50,51
Ntxiv cov qos yaj ywm scraps (cov khoom noj uas muaj carbohydrate-nplua nuj ntub dej) rau cov khoom noj ua rau muaj ob npaug ntawm cov roj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov zaub mov. Cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate ntawm qos yaj ywm yuav tsum muaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, thaum agar muaj suab thaj (polysaccharides) 47,48. Qhov kev tshawb pom no yog qhov sib piv rau lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb uas pom tias cov roj cov ntsiab lus txo qis thaum cov kab mob noj zaub mov tau noj cov zaub mov ntxiv nrog cov qos yaj ywm uas tsis muaj protein ntau (10.7%) thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab (49.8%) 36. Thaum cov txiv ntseej pomace tau ntxiv rau hauv cov zaub mov, cov protein thiab carbohydrate cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pluas noj tau sib npaug ntawm cov khoom noj ntub dej, thaum cov roj cov ntsiab lus tseem tsis hloov pauv 35. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, lwm cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias cov protein cov ntsiab lus ntawm larvae reared nyob rau hauv sab kwj deg undergoes lub hauv paus kev hloov, ib yam li cov roj cov ntsiab lus 22,37.
Fermented chicory cag tau nce cov hmoov tshauv ntawm mealworm larvae (Table 1). Kev tshawb fawb txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov hmoov tshauv thiab cov ntxhia hauv cov zaub mov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog txwv. Cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj zaub mov feem ntau tau tsom mus rau cov roj thiab cov ntsiab lus protein ntawm larvae yam tsis tau txheeb xyuas cov hmoov tshauv 21,35,36,38,39. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tshawb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hmoov tshauv ntawm cov larvae pub byproducts tau soj ntsuam, qhov nce ntawm cov hmoov tshauv tau pom. Piv txwv li, kev noj zaub mov hauv vaj zaub pov tseg tau nce lawv cov hmoov tshauv los ntawm 3.01% mus rau 5.30%, thiab ntxiv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo pov tseg rau kev noj zaub mov nce cov hmoov tshauv los ntawm 1.87% mus rau 4.40%.
Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov khoom noj ntub dej sib txawv hauv lawv qhov kwv yees li ntawm (Table 1), qhov sib txawv ntawm biomass muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm mealworm larvae pub rau cov khoom noj ntub dej yog me. Tsuas yog mealworm larvae pub qos yaj ywm chunks los yog fermented chicory cag pom kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Ib qho kev piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim no yog tias ntxiv rau cov hauv paus hniav chicory, cov qos yaj ywm chunks kuj tau fermented ib nrab (pH 4.7, Table 1), ua rau cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab / carbohydrates ntau digestible / muaj rau cov pluas noj larvae. Yuav ua li cas mealworm larvae synthesize lipids los ntawm cov as-ham xws li carbohydrates yog qhov txaus siab heev thiab yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas tag nrho hauv kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov khoom noj ntub dej pH ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob qoob loo tau xaus lus tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb thaum siv agar blocks nrog cov khoom noj ntub dej ntau tshaj pH ntawm 3 txog 9. Qhov no qhia tau tias cov khoom noj ntub dej fermented tuaj yeem siv rau kab lis kev cai Tenebrio molitor53. . Zoo ib yam li Coudron et al.53, tswj kev sim siv agar blocks hauv cov khoom noj ntub dej vim lawv tsis muaj cov zaub mov thiab cov as-ham. Lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis tau tshuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau cov khoom noj khoom haus ntub dej xws li zaub los yog qos yaj ywm rau kev txhim kho digestibility lossis bioavailability. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm fermentation ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntub dej ntawm cov kab mob larvae yog xav tau los tshawb txog qhov kev xav no ntxiv.
Kev faib cov ntxhia ntawm kev tswj cov plua plav biomass pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no (Table 2 thiab 3) yog piv rau ntau yam ntawm macro- thiab micronutrients pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv48,54,55. Muab cov zaub mov nrog fermented chicory cag raws li cov khoom noj ntub dej ua kom lawv cov ntsiab lus ntxhia. Txawm hais tias feem ntau cov macro- thiab micronutrients tau siab dua hauv cov zaub sib xyaw thiab cov nplooj ntoo (Table 2 thiab 3), lawv tsis cuam tshuam cov ntxhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov zaub mov biomass rau tib yam li cov cag fermented chicory. Ib qho kev piav qhia tau yog tias cov as-ham nyob rau hauv alkaline vaj nplooj yog tsawg bioavailable dua cov nyob rau hauv lwm yam, ntau acidic ntub cov zaub mov (Table 1). Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pub cov kab mob larvae nrog fermented nplej straw thiab pom tias lawv tsim tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov dej ntws no thiab tseem qhia tau tias kev kho mob ua ntej ntawm cov substrate los ntawm fermentation induced assortment uptake. 56 Kev siv cov fermented chicory cov hauv paus hniav nce Ca, Fe thiab Mn cov ntsiab lus ntawm plua plav biomass. Txawm hais tias cov dej ntws no tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm lwm cov zaub mov (P, Mg, K, Na, Zn thiab Cu), cov zaub mov no tsis muaj ntau dua hauv cov plua plav biomass piv rau kev tswj hwm, qhia txog kev xaiv cov pob zeb hauv av. Ua kom cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov zaub mov no hauv cov zaub mov biomass muaj cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom noj. Calcium yog cov ntxhia tseem ceeb uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm neuromuscular thiab ntau cov txheej txheem enzyme-mediated xws li ntshav txhaws, pob txha thiab hniav tsim. 57,58 Hlau deficiency yog ib qho teeb meem tshwm sim hauv cov teb chaws tsim, nrog rau cov me nyuam, poj niam, thiab cov neeg laus feem ntau tsis tau txais hlau txaus los ntawm lawv cov zaub mov. 54 Txawm hais tias manganese yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg kev noj haus thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau cov enzymes, kev noj ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom. Cov qib manganese siab dua hauv cov kab mob noj zaub mov noj fermented chicory hauv paus tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb thiab tau muab piv rau cov qaib. 59
Cov concentrations ntawm cov hlau hnyav pom nyob rau hauv sidestream yog qis dua cov qauv European rau kev ua tiav cov tsiaj noj. Kev txheeb xyuas cov hlau hnyav ntawm cov kab mob plab hnyuv loj tau pom tias Pb thiab Cr qib tau nce siab dua hauv cov kab mob noj zaub mov noj nrog fermented chicory hauv paus dua li hauv pawg tswj hwm thiab lwm cov substrates (Table 4). Chicory cov hauv paus hniav loj hlob hauv av thiab paub tias nqus cov hlau hnyav, thaum lwm cov dej ntws los ntawm kev tswj hwm tib neeg cov khoom noj. Mealworms noj nrog fermented chicory cag kuj muaj ntau dua Pb thiab Cr (Table 4). Qhov ntsuas bioaccumulation factor (BAF) yog 2.66 rau Pb thiab 1.14 rau Cr, piv txwv li ntau dua 1, qhia tias cov pluas noj muaj peev xwm ua rau cov hlau hnyav. Hais txog Pb, EU teeb tsa qhov siab tshaj plaws Pb cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.10 mg ib kilogram ntawm cov nqaij tshiab rau tib neeg noj61. Hauv peb qhov kev soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam, qhov siab tshaj plaws Pb concentration pom nyob rau hauv fermented chicory paus mealworms yog 0.11 mg / 100 g DM. Thaum tus nqi tau hloov mus rau cov ntsiab lus qhuav ntawm 30.8% rau cov pluas noj no, cov ntsiab lus Pb yog 0.034 mg / kg tshiab, uas yog qis dua qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.10 mg / kg. Tsis muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws Cr cov ntsiab lus tau teev tseg hauv European cov cai tswj hwm zaub mov. Cr feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, khoom noj khoom haus thiab khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv thiab paub tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tib neeg cov nqi me me62,63,64. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas no (Table 4) qhia tias T. molitor larvae tuaj yeem khaws cov hlau hnyav thaum muaj hlau hnyav hauv cov khoom noj. Txawm li cas los xij, qib ntawm cov hlau hnyav uas pom nyob rau hauv cov plua plav biomass hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg noj. Kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua thiab ua tib zoo saib xyuas yog pom zoo thaum siv cov kwj sab uas yuav muaj cov hlau hnyav ua cov khoom ntub dej rau T. molitor.
Feem ntau cov fatty acids nyob rau hauv tag nrho biomass ntawm T. molitor larvae yog palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), thiab linoleic acid (C18:2) (Table 5), uas yog zoo ib yam nrog rau yav dhau los kev tshawb fawb. ntawm T. molitor. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm fatty acid spectrum yog zoo ib yam 36,46,50,65. Lub fatty acid profile ntawm T. molitor feem ntau muaj tsib yam tseem ceeb: oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), myristic acid (C14:0), thiab stearic acid. (C18:0). Oleic acid tau tshaj tawm tias yog cov roj fatty acid ntau tshaj (30-60%) hauv cov kab mob plab hnyuv, tom qab ntawd los ntawm palmitic acid thiab linoleic acid22,35,38,39. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias cov fatty acid profile no cuam tshuam los ntawm kev noj zaub mov noj larval, tab sis qhov sib txawv tsis ua raws li cov qauv zoo li kev noj haus 38. Piv nrog rau lwm cov fatty acid profiles, C18: 1-C18: 2 piv rau qos yaj ywm peelings yog thim rov qab. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws tau txais rau kev hloov pauv ntawm fatty acid profile ntawm mealworms noj steamed qos peelings36. Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau hais tias txawm hais tias fatty acid profile ntawm cov roj zaub mov tuaj yeem hloov pauv, nws tseem yog cov nplua nuj ntawm unsaturated fatty acids.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv plaub qhov sib txawv agro-industrial biowaste ntws raws li cov dej ntub dej ntawm cov khoom noj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov cuam tshuam tau raug soj ntsuam raws li kev noj zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm larvae. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov khoom lag luam los ntawm cov khoom lag luam tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov khoom noj muaj protein ntau (cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein 40.7-52.3%), uas tuaj yeem siv los ua zaub mov thiab khoom noj. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev siv cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom noj uas ntub dej cuam tshuam rau cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov zaub mov biomass. Tshwj xeeb, muab cov larvae nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm carbohydrates (xws li qos txiav) ua rau lawv cov roj ntau ntxiv thiab hloov lawv cov fatty acid muaj pes tsawg leeg: cov ntsiab lus qis ntawm polyunsaturated fatty acids thiab cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm cov roj ntsha tsis txaus thiab monounsaturated fatty acids, tab sis tsis muaj ntau ntawm unsaturated fatty acids. . Cov fatty acids (monounsaturated + polyunsaturated) tseem tseem nyob. Txoj kev tshawb no tseem qhia tau hais tias cov kab mob qoob loo xaiv cov calcium, hlau thiab manganese los ntawm cov kwj deg uas nplua nuj nyob hauv acidic minerals. Lub bioavailability ntawm cov zaub mov zoo li ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv kom nkag siab txog qhov no. Cov hlau hnyav uas muaj nyob hauv cov kwj deg tuaj yeem sib sau hauv cov kab noj zaub mov. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kawg ntawm Pb, Cd thiab Cr hauv larval biomass tau qis dua qhov tau txais txiaj ntsig, tso cai rau cov kwj sab no kom nyab xeeb siv los ua cov khoom ntub dej.
Mealworm larvae tau tu los ntawm Radius (Giel, Belgium) thiab Inagro (Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium) ntawm Thomas More University of Applied Sciences ntawm 27 ° C thiab 60% txheeb ze av noo. Qhov ntom ntawm cov kab mob qoob loo hauv lub thoob dej yug ntses 60 x 40 cm yog 4.17 worms / cm2 (10,000 mealworms). Larvae tau pib pub 2.1 kg ntawm nplej bran ua zaub mov qhuav rau ib lub tank tu thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv raws li xav tau. Agar blocks tau siv los tswj cov khoom noj ntub dej. Los ntawm lub lim tiam 4, sab kwj dej (tseem yog ib qhov chaw ntawm cov dej noo) tau pub raws li cov zaub mov ntub es tsis txhob agar ad libitum. Qhov feem pua ntawm cov teeb meem qhuav rau txhua sab kwj dej tau txiav txim siab ua ntej thiab sau tseg kom ntseeg tau tias muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov dej noo rau txhua kab hauv kev kho mob. Cov zaub mov raug faib sib npaug thoob plaws hauv lub terrarium. Larvae tau sau thaum thawj tus pupae tshwm sim hauv pawg sim. Larval sau yog ua tiav siv 2 hli txoj kab uas hla txhua yam shaker. Tsuas yog cov qos yaj ywm diced sim. Feem ntau ntawm cov qos yaj ywm qhuav diced kuj tau sib cais los ntawm kev cia cov larvae nkag mus rau hauv lub sieve thiab sau lawv rau hauv lub tais hlau. Tag nrho qhov hnyav sau qoob loo yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov hnyav tag nrho cov qoob loo. Ciaj sia nyob yog xam los ntawm kev faib tag nrho qhov hnyav sau los ntawm qhov hnyav larval. Larval hnyav yog txiav txim los ntawm kev xaiv tsawg kawg yog 100 larvae thiab faib lawv qhov hnyav tag nrho los ntawm tus lej. Sau cov larvae tau tshaib plab rau 24 teev kom khoob lawv lub plab ua ntej kev tshuaj xyuas. Thaum kawg, larvae raug tshuaj xyuas dua kom cais lawv ntawm qhov seem. Lawv tau khov-ethanased thiab khaws cia ntawm -18 ° C kom txog thaum kev txheeb xyuas.
Qhuav pub yog nplej bran (Belgian Molens Joye). Nplej bran yog pre-sifted mus rau ib tug particle loj ntawm tsawg tshaj li 2 mm. Ntxiv nrog rau kev pub zaub mov qhuav, cov kab mob qoob loo kuj xav tau cov khoom ntub dej kom cov dej noo thiab cov ntxhia ntxiv uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov kab mob noj zaub mov. Cov khoom noj ntub dej rau ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj (dry feed + wet feed). Hauv peb qhov kev sim, agar (Brouwland, Belgium, 25 g / l) tau siv los tswj cov khoom ntub dej 45. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 1, plaub qhov kev ua liaj ua teb los ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas muaj cov ntsiab lus sib txawv tau raug sim ua cov khoom noj ntub dej rau cov kab mob qoob loo. Cov khoom lag luam no suav nrog (a) nplooj los ntawm kev cog qoob loo (Inagro, Belgium), (b) qos yaj ywm trimmings (Duigny, Belgium), (c) fermented chicory keeb kwm (Inagro, Belgium) thiab (d) cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub tsis muag los ntawm kev muag khoom . (Belorta, Belgium). Sab kwj yog tws rau hauv daim uas haum rau siv raws li ntub mealworm pub.
Agricultural by-products li ntub pub rau mealworms; (a) vaj nplooj los ntawm kev cog dib, (b) qos yaj ywm cuttings, (c) chicory keeb kwm, (d) unsold zaub ntawm auction thiab (e) agar blocks. Raws li kev tswj hwm.
Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pub thiab pluas noj kab mob larvae tau txiav txim peb zaug (n = 3). Kev soj ntsuam ceev ceev, ntxhia muaj pes tsawg leeg, hnyav hlau cov ntsiab lus thiab fatty acid muaj pes tsawg leeg raug soj ntsuam. Ib qho piv txwv homogenized ntawm 250 g yog muab los ntawm cov sau thiab tshaib plab larvae, qhuav ntawm 60 ° C mus tas li qhov hnyav, hauv av (IKA, Tube zeb 100) thiab sieved los ntawm 1 hli sieve. Cov qauv qhuav tau muab ntim rau hauv cov thawv tsaus.
Cov ntsiab lus qhuav qhuav (DM) tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ziab cov qauv hauv qhov cub ntawm 105 ° C rau 24 teev (Memmert, UF110). Qhov feem pua ntawm cov teeb meem qhuav yog xam raws li qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv.
Cov hmoov tshauv crude (CA) tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov poob loj tom qab combustion nyob rau hauv ib tug muffle furnace (Nabertherm, L9/11 / SKM) ntawm 550 ° C rau 4 teev.
Cov ntsiab lus roj Crude lossis diethyl ether (EE) extraction tau ua nrog roj av ether (bp 40-60 ° C) siv Soxhlet extraction khoom. Kwv yees li ntawm 10 g ntawm cov qauv tau muab tso rau hauv lub taub hau extraction thiab npog nrog ceramic wool los tiv thaiv cov qauv poob. Cov qauv tau muab rho tawm ib hmos nrog 150 ml roj av ether. Cov extract tau txias, cov kuab tshuaj organic tau raug tshem tawm thiab rov qab los ntawm rotary evaporation (Büchi, R-300) ntawm 300 mbar thiab 50 ° C. Cov lipid crude los yog ether rho tawm tau txias thiab hnyav ntawm qhov ntsuas ntsuas.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm crude protein (CP) tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov nitrogen tam sim no hauv cov qauv siv Kjeldahl txoj kev BN EN ISO 5983-1 (2005). Siv cov khoom tsim nyog N rau P los xam cov ntsiab lus protein. Rau cov khoom noj qhuav (nplej bran) siv tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 6.25. Rau sab kwj ib yam ntawm 4.2366 yog siv thiab rau cov zaub sib tov ib yam ntawm 4.3967 yog siv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein crude ntawm larvae tau suav nrog N rau P qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 5.3351.
Cov ntsiab lus fiber ntau suav nrog kev txiav txim siab nruab nrab ntawm fiber ntau (NDF) raws li Gerhardt extraction raws tu qauv (kev ntsuas fiber ntau hauv hnab, Gerhardt, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) thiab van Soest 68 txoj kev. Rau kev txiav txim siab NDF, 1 g qauv tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub hnab tshwj xeeb fiber ntau (Gerhardt, ADF / NDF hnab) nrog lub iav liner. Cov hnab fiber ntau ntim nrog cov qauv yog thawj zaug defatted nrog roj av ether (qhov kub ntawm 40-60 ° C) thiab tom qab ntawd qhuav ntawm chav tsev kub. Cov qauv defatted tau muab rho tawm nrog qhov nruab nrab fiber ntau detergent tov uas muaj cua sov-ruaj khov α-amylase ntawm kub kub rau 1.5 h. Tom qab ntawd cov qauv raug ntxuav peb zaug nrog boiling dej deionized thiab qhuav ntawm 105 ° C thaum hmo ntuj. Cov hnab ntim fiber ntau qhuav (muaj fiber ntau residues) tau hnyav siv qhov ntsuas ntsuas (Sartorius, P224-1S) thiab tom qab ntawd muab hlawv rau hauv lub qhov cub (Nabertherm, L9/11 / SKM) ntawm 550 ° C rau 4 teev. Cov tshauv tau hnyav dua thiab cov ntsiab lus fiber ntau tau xam raws li qhov hnyav ntawm qhov ziab thiab hlawv ntawm cov qauv.
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus chitin ntawm cov larvae, peb siv cov txheej txheem hloov kho raws li kev txheeb xyuas fiber ntau los ntawm van Soest 68. Ib qho piv txwv 1 g tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub hnab tshwj xeeb fiber ntau (Gerhardt, CF Bag) thiab lub khob ntim. Cov qauv no tau ntim rau hauv cov hnab fiber ntau, defatted hauv roj av ether (c. 40-60 ° C) thiab cua qhuav. Cov qauv defatted yog thawj zaug muab rho tawm nrog cov kua qaub ntawm 0.13 M sulfuric acid ntawm kub kub rau 30 min. Lub hnab ntim fiber ntau uas muaj cov qauv raug ntxuav peb zaug nrog boiling dej deionized thiab muab rho tawm nrog 0.23 M potassium hydroxide tov rau 2 h. Lub hnab ntim fiber ntau uas muaj cov qauv tau rov yaug peb zaug nrog cov dej npau npau deionized thiab qhuav ntawm 105 ° C thaum hmo ntuj. Lub hnab qhuav uas muaj cov seem fiber ntau tau ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas thiab muab tso rau hauv lub qhov cub kub ntawm 550 ° C rau 4 teev. Cov tshauv tau hnyav thiab cov ntsiab lus fiber ntau yog xam raws li qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv incinerated.
Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus carbohydrate raug xam. Non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) concentration hauv cov khoom noj tau suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas NDF, thiab cov kab concentration tau suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas chitin.
Cov pH ntawm matrix tau txiav txim siab tom qab rho tawm nrog dej deionized (1: 5 v / v) raws li NBN EN 15933.
Cov qauv tau npaj raws li tau piav qhia los ntawm Broeckx li al. Mineral profiles tau txiav txim siab siv ICP-OES (Optima 4300™ DV ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, MA, USA).
Cov hlau hnyav Cd, Cr thiab Pb tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Thermo Scientific, ICE 3000 series, nruab nrog GFS furnace autosampler). Txog 200 mg ntawm cov qauv tau zom hauv acidic HNO3 / HCl (1: 3 v / v) siv microwaves (CEM, MARS 5). Microwave digestion tau ua nyob rau ntawm 190 ° C rau 25 min ntawm 600 W. Dilute cov extract nrog ultrapure dej.
Fatty acids tau txiav txim los ntawm GC-MS (Agilent Technologies, 7820A GC system nrog 5977 E MSD ntes). Raws li txoj kev ntawm Yauxej thiab Akman70, 20% BF3 / MeOH tov tau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj methanolic KOH thiab fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) tau los ntawm ether extract tom qab esterification. Fatty acids tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev sib piv lawv lub sijhawm khaws cia nrog 37 FAME cov qauv sib xyaw (Chemical Lab) lossis los ntawm kev sib piv lawv cov MS spectra nrog cov tsev qiv ntawv online xws li NIST database. Kev soj ntsuam zoo yog ua los ntawm kev suav cov cheeb tsam ncov raws li feem pua ntawm tag nrho thaj chaw ncov ntawm chromatogram.
Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav siv JMP Pro 15.1.1 software los ntawm SAS (Buckinghamshire, UK). Kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua tiav siv ib txoj kev tsom xam ntawm qhov sib txawv nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0.05 thiab Tukey's HSD raws li kev xeem tom qab hoc.
Lub bioaccumulation factor (BAF) yog xam los ntawm kev faib cov concentration ntawm hnyav hlau nyob rau hauv mealworm larval biomass (DM) los ntawm cov concentration nyob rau hauv ntub pub (DM) 43. BAF ntau dua 1 qhia tias cov hlau hnyav bioaccumulate los ntawm cov khoom ntub dej hauv cov larvae.
Cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm thiab / lossis tshuaj xyuas thaum lub sijhawm kawm tam sim no muaj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv raws li qhov kev thov tsim nyog.
United Nations Department of Economic thiab Social Affairs, Population Division. Ntiaj Teb Cov Pej Xeem Zeem Muag 2019: Qhov Tseem Ceeb (ST/ESA/SER.A/423) (2019).
Cole, MB, Augustine, MA, Robertson, MJ, and Manners, JM, Food Safety Science. NPJ Sci. Noj 2018, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-018-0021-9 (2018).
Post lub sij hawm: Dec-25-2024