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The nwa agha ofufe (Hermetia illucens, L. 1758) bụ omnivorous detritivorous ahụhụ na a elu nwere ike tinye n'ọrụ carbohydrate-ọgaranya organic site-products. N'ime carbohydrates, ijiji ndị agha ojii na-adabere na sugar soluble maka uto na njikọ lipid. Ebumnobi ọmụmụ a bụ iji nyochaa mmetụta nke sugar soluble nkịtị na mmepe, nlanarị, na profaịlụ acid fatty acid nke ijiji ndị agha ojii. Tinye nri ọkụkọ na monosaccharides na disaccharides iche iche. A na-eji cellulose mee ihe dị ka njikwa. Larvae nyere glucose, fructose, sucrose, na maltose nri ngwa ngwa karịa larvae na-achịkwa. N'ụzọ dị iche, lactose nwere mmetụta na-edozi ahụ na larvae, na-ebelata uto ma na-ebelata ibu ahụ nke ikpeazụ. Agbanyeghị, shuga niile na-agbaze na-eme ka larvae mara abụba karịa ndị na-eri nri njikwa. N'ụzọ doro anya, shuga ndị a nwalere kpụrụ profaịlụ fatty acid. Maltose na sucrose mụbara ọdịnaya fatty acid juru eju ma e jiri ya tụnyere cellulose. N'ụzọ dị iche, lactose mụbara bioaccumulation nke nri unsaturated ọdụdụ asịd. Ọmụmụ ihe a bụ nke mbụ gosipụtara mmetụta shuga soluble na ngwakọta acid fatty acid nke ndị agha ojii ji larvae. Nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi na carbohydrates ndị a nwalere nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ngwakọta fatty acid nke onye agha ojii na-efe larvae ma nwee ike ikpebi ngwa ikpeazụ ha.
Ọchịchọ ike zuru ụwa ọnụ na protein anụmanụ na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye1. N'ihe gbasara okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọ dị mkpa ịchọta ihe ndị ọzọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka ike fosil na ụzọ mmepụta nri ọdịnala ka na-abawanye mmepụta. Ụmụ ahụhụ na-ekwe nkwa na ha ga-eleba anya n'okwu ndị a n'ihi obere kemịkalụ ha na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịzụ anụ ụlọ ọdịnala2. N'etiti ụmụ ahụhụ, ihe magburu onwe onye chọrọ ilebara okwu ndị a bụ nwa agha ofufe (BSF), Hermetia illusens (L. 1758), a detritivorous umu nwere ike na-eri nri na a dịgasị iche iche nke organic substrates3. Ya mere, ikwalite ihe ndị a site na ozuzu BSF nwere ike ịmepụta ebe ọhụrụ nke akụrụngwa iji gboo mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche.
BSF larvae (BSFL) nwere ike na-eri nri na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na nke agro-industrial site-products dị ka ọka brewers, akwukwo nri residues, mkpụrụ osisi pulp na stale achịcha, bụ ndị kwesịrị ekwesị karịsịa maka BSFL ibu n'ihi na ha nnukwu carbohydrate (CH) 4,5, 6 ọdịnaya. Nnukwu mmepụta nke BSFL na-eme ka e guzobe ngwaahịa abụọ: nsị, ngwakọta nke ihe fọdụrụnụ na nsị nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe dị ka fatịlaịza maka ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ7, na larvae, nke bụ protein, lipids na chitin. A na-eji protein na lipids eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo anụ ụlọ, biofuel na ihe ịchọ mma8,9. Maka chitin, bioopolymer a na-achọta ngwa na ngalaba nri agri-nri, teknụzụ biotechnology na nlekọta ahụike10.
BSF bụ ahụhụ holometabolous nke nwere onwe ya, nke pụtara na metamorphosis na mmeputakwa ya, ọkachasị usoro nke na-eri ike nke ndụ ahụhụ, nwere ike ịkwado ya kpamkpam site na ihe nchekwa nri ewepụtara n'oge uto nwa. Karịa kpọmkwem, protein na lipid njikọ na-eduga na mmepe nke ahụ abụba, akụkụ nchekwa dị mkpa nke na-ewepụta ike n'oge usoro nri nke BSF: prepupa (ya bụ, njedebe ikpeazụ nke njedebe nke BSF larvae na-atụgharị oji mgbe ị na-eri nri na ịchọgharị). maka gburugburu ebe kwesịrị ekwesị maka metamorphosis), pupae (ya bụ, ogbo na-adịghị emegharị ahụ n'oge nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta metamorphosis), na ndị okenye12,13. CH bụ isi iyi ike na nri BSF14. N'ime nri ndị a, fibrous CH dị ka hemicellulose, cellulose na lignin, n'adịghị ka disaccharides na polysaccharides (dị ka starch), enweghị ike ịgbari ya site na BSFL15,16. Mgbari nke CH bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa dị mkpa maka nnabata nke carbohydrates, nke a na-emecha mee ka ọ bụrụ sugars dị mfe na eriri afọ16. Enwere ike ịmịnye shuga dị mfe (ya bụ, site na akpụkpọ anụ peritrophic intestinal) na metabolized iji mepụta ume17. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, larvae na-echekwa oke ike dị ka lipids n'ime abụba ahụ12,18. Lipids nchekwa ahụ nwere triglycerides (lipids na-anọpụ iche nke etolite site na otu molekul glycerol na fatty acids atọ) nke larvae mebere site na shuga dị mfe nri. CH ndị a na-enye ihe ndị acetyl-CoA chọrọ maka fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis site na fatty acid synthase na ụzọ thioesterase19. Profaịlụ acid fatty acid nke H. illukens lipids na-achịkwa ya site na fatty acids (SFA) nwere oke oke nke lauric acid (C12: 0) 19,20. Ya mere, nnukwu lipid ọdịnaya na fatty acid mejupụtara na-aghọ ngwa ngwa ihe na-egbochi iji larvae dum na nri anụmanụ, karịsịa na aquaculture ebe a chọrọ polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)21.
Ebe ọ bụ na achọpụtara ikike nke BSFL iji belata ihe mkpofu ahịhịa, ọmụmụ banyere uru nke ngwaahịa dị iche iche egosila na ihe mejupụtara BSFL na-achịkwa akụkụ ya site na nri ya. Ugbu a, iwu nke profaịlụ FA nke H. illusen na-aga n'ihu na-akawanye mma. Egosipụta ike nke BSFL na bioaccumulate PUFA na mkpụrụ akụ bara ụba PUFA dị ka algae, mkpofu azụ, ma ọ bụ nri dị ka flaxseed, nke na-enye profaịlụ FA dị elu maka nri anụmanụ19,22,23. N'ụzọ dị iche, maka ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị emeziwanye na PUFA, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti profaịlụ FA nri na larval FA, na-egosi mmetụta nke nri ndị ọzọ24,25. N'ezie, mmetụta nke digestible CH na profaịlụ FA ka aghọtachaghị nke ọma yana nyocha24,25,26,27.
Ruo n'ókè nke ihe ọmụma anyị, ọ bụ ezie na ngụkọta monosaccharides na disaccharides dị ukwuu na nri H. illusens, ha nutritional ọrụ na-anọgide na-aghọtachaghị na H. illusen nri. Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a bụ ịkọwapụta mmetụta ha na nri BSFL na ihe mejupụtara lipid. Anyị ga-enyocha uto, nlanarị, na nrụpụta nke larvae n'okpuru ọnọdụ nri dị iche iche. Mgbe ahụ, anyị ga-akọwa ọdịnaya lipid na profaịlụ fatty acid nke nri ọ bụla iji gosi mmetụta CH na àgwà nri BSFL.
Anyị chere na ọdịdị nke CH nwalere ga-emetụta (1) uto larval, (2) mkpokọta lipid ọkwa, na (3) gbanwee profaịlụ FA. Enwere ike ịmịnye monosaccharides ozugbo, ebe disaccharides ga-enwerịrị hydrolyzed. Monosaccharides si otú ahụ dị ka ike kpọmkwem isi mmalite ma ọ bụ precursors maka lipogenesis site FA synthase na thioesterase ụzọ, si otú na-eme ka H. ilucens larval ibu na-akwalite mkpokọta nke idobere lipids (karịsịa lauric acid).
CH a nwalere na-emetụta nkezi arọ ahụ nke larvae n'oge uto (Fig 1). FRU, GLU, SUC na MAL na-abawanye ibu anụ ahụ dịka nri njikwa (CEL). N'ụzọ dị iche, LAC na GAL pụtara ka ha na-akwụsịlata mmepe larval. N'ụzọ doro anya, LAC nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na-eto eto ma e jiri ya tụnyere SUC n'oge oge uto: 9.16 ± 1.10 mg megide 15.00 ± 1.01 mg na ụbọchị 3 (F6,21 = 12.77, p <0.001; Fig. 1), 125.126 ± 4.4. mg na 211.79 ± 14.93 mg, n'otu n'otu, na ụbọchị 17 (F6,21 = 38.57, p <0.001; Fig. 1).
Iji monosaccharides dị iche iche (fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), glucose (GLU), disaccharides (lactose (LAC), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC)) na cellulose (CEL) dị ka njikwa. Uto nke larvae nri ya na onye agha ojii ijiji larvae. Isi ihe ọ bụla dị n'usoro na-anọchi anya ịdị arọ nke onye ọ bụla (mg) gbakọrọ site n'ịtụ 20 larvae ahọpụtara na-enweghị usoro site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 100 larvae (n = 4). Ogwe mperi na-anọchite anya SD.
Nri CEL nyere ezigbo nlanarị nke 95.5 ± 3.8%. Ọzọkwa, nlanarị nke H. illucens nri nri nwere CH soluble belatara (GLM: χ = 107.13, df = 21, p <0.001), nke MAL na SUC (disaccharides) kpatara na CH a na-amụ. Ọnwụ anwụ dị ala karịa nke GLU, FRU, GAL (monosaccharide), na LAC (EMM: p <0.001, Figure 2).
Igbe nke nlanarị nke onye agha ojii na-efe efe na-emeso ya na monosaccharides dị iche iche (fructose, galactose, glucose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) na cellulose dị ka njikwa. Ọgwụgwọ ndị nwere otu akwụkwọ ozi adịchaghị iche na ibe ha (EMM, p> 0.05).
Nri niile a nwalere na-ekwe ka larvae rute ogbo prepupal. Otú ọ dị, ndị CH ndị a nwalere na-eme ka mmepe larval dị ogologo (F6,21=9.60, p<0.001; Tebụl 1). Karịsịa, larvae na-enye GAL na LAC na-ewe ogologo oge iji ruo ọkwa prepupal ma e jiri ya tụnyere larvae a zụlitere na CEL (CEL-GAL: p<0.001; CEL-LAC: p<0.001; Table 1).
CH a nwalere nwekwara mmetụta dị iche iche na ịdị arọ nke anụ ahụ, na arọ ahụ nke larvae na-eri nri CEL na-eru 180.19 ± 11.35 mg (F6,21 = 16.86, p <0.001; Fig. 3). FRU, GLU, MAL na SUC butere nkezi arọ ahụ ikpeazụ ikpeazụ nke ihe karịrị 200 mg, nke dị elu nke ukwuu karịa nke CEL (p <0.05). N'ụzọ dị iche, larvae nyere GAL na LAC nwere arọ ahụ dị ala, nkezi 177.64 ± 4.23 mg na 156.30 ± 2.59 mg, n'otu n'otu (p <0.05). Mmetụta a pụtara ìhè na LAC, ebe arọ ahụ ikpeazụ dị ala karịa na nri nchịkwa (CEL-LAC: ọdịiche = 23.89 mg; p = 0.03; Figure 3).
Mbelata ikpeazụ nke larvae onye ọ bụla gosipụtara dị ka ntụpọ nwa (mg) na ijiji ndị agha ojii gosipụtara dị ka histogram (g) nri monosaccharides dị iche iche (fructose, galactose, glucose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) na cellulose (dị ka njikwa). Akwụkwọ ozi kọlụm na-anọchi anya otu dị iche iche na nha nha nha nha (p <0.001). Akwụkwọ ozi ndị metụtara ntụpọ nwa nwa na-anọchi anya otu nwere oke ibu dị iche iche nke onye ọ bụla (p <0.001). Ogwe mperi na-anọchite anya SD.
Oke kachasị nke onye ọ bụla nwere onwe ya pụọ na njedebe ikpeazụ mkpokọta oke ibu. N'ezie, nri ndị nwere FRU, GLU, MAL, na SUC emeghị ka ngụkọta nha nha nke emepụtara na tank ma e jiri ya tụnyere CEL (Nyocha 3). Otú ọ dị, LAC belatara nke ukwuu mkpokọta arọ (CEL-LAC: ọdịiche = 9.14 g; p <0.001; Figure 3).
Tebụl 1 na-egosi mkpụrụ (larvae / ụbọchị). N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, mkpụrụ kacha mma nke CEL, MAL na SUC yiri (Table 1). N'ụzọ dị iche, FRU, GAL, GLU na LAC belatara mkpụrụ osisi ma e jiri ya tụnyere CEL (Table 1). GAL na LAC mere ihe kachasị njọ: a na-ebelata mkpụrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ naanị 0.51 ± 0.09 g larvae / ụbọchị na 0.48 ± 0.06 g larvae / ụbọchị, n'otu n'otu (Table 1).
Monosaccharides na disaccharides mụbara ọdịnaya lipid nke larvae CF (Table 1). Na nri CLE, a na-enweta larvae nwere ọdịnaya lipid nke 23.19 ± 0.70% nke ọdịnaya DM. Maka ntụnyere, nkezi ọdịnaya lipid dị na larvae ejiri shuga soluble rie nri karịrị 30% (Table 1). Agbanyeghị, CH ndị a nwalere mụbara ọdịnaya abụba ha n'otu oke ahụ.
Dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, isiokwu CG na-emetụta profaịlụ FA nke larvae na ogo dị iche iche (Fig 4). Ọdịnaya SFA dị elu na nri niile wee rute karịa 60%. MAL na SUC emezighị ka profaịlụ FA, nke butere mmụba na ọdịnaya SFA. N'ihe banyere MAL, n'otu aka ahụ, enweghị ahaghị nhata mere ka ọ bụrụ mbelata nke ọdịnaya nke monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (F6,21 = 7.47; p <0.001; Fig. 4). N'aka nke ọzọ, maka SUC, mbelata bụ otu n'etiti MUFA na PUFA. LAC na MAL nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ụdị FA (SFA: F6,21 = 8.74; p <0.001; MUFA: F6,21 = 7.47; p <0.001; PUFA: χ2 = 19.60; Df = 6; p <0.001; Figure) 4). Oke dị ala nke SFA na larvae na-eri nri LAC yiri ka ọ na-abawanye ọdịnaya MUFA. Karịsịa, ọkwa MUFA dị elu na larvae na-eri nri LAC ma e jiri ya tụnyere shuga ndị ọzọ soluble ma e wezụga GAL (F6,21 = 7.47; p <0.001; Figure 4).
Iji monosaccharides dị iche iche (fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), glucose (GLU)), disaccharides (lactose (LAC), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC) na cellulose (CEL) dị ka njikwa, igbe igbe nke fatty acid. mejupụtara nri ka nwa agha ijiji larvae. A na-ekwupụta nsonaazụ dịka pasent nke mkpokọta FAME. Ọgwụgwọ ejiri mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche akara dị nnọọ iche (p <0.001). (a) Oke nke fatty acids juru; (b) Acid ọdụdụ asịd; (c) Polyunsaturated fatty acids.
N'ime acid fatty ndị a chọpụtara, lauric acid (C12: 0) bụ nke kachasị n'ihe nkiri niile a hụrụ (karịa 40%). Ndị SFA ndị ọzọ dị ugbu a bụ palmitic acid (C16: 0) (ihe na-erughị 10%), stearic acid (C18: 0) (ihe na-erughị 2.5%) na capric acid (C10: 0) (ihe na-erughị 1.5%). Oleic acid na-anọchi anya MUFAs (C18: 1n9) (ihe na-erughị 9.5%), ebe PUFA bụ nke linoleic acid mejupụtara (C18:2n6) (ihe na-erughị 13.0%) (lee tebụl mgbakwunye S1). Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a pụghị ịchọta obere akụkụ nke ogige, karịsịa n'ụdị dị iche iche nke CEL larvae, ebe ọnụọgụ nọmba 9 (UND9) na-amaghị ama bụ nkezi nke 2.46 ± 0.52% (lee Mgbakwunye S1). Ntụle GC ×GC-FID tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịbụ fatty acid 20-carbon nwere njikọ ise ma ọ bụ isii (lee Ntụnye mgbakwunye S5).
Nyocha PERMANOVA kpughere otu atọ dị iche iche dabere na profaịlụ fatty acid (F6,21 = 7.79, p <0.001; Figure 5). Ntụle akụrụngwa nke isi (PCA) nke ụdịdị TBC na-egosi nke a wee jiri akụkụ abụọ kọwa ya (Njirimara 5). Akụkụ ndị bụ isi kọwara 57.9% nke ọdịiche ahụ wee gụnye, n'usoro dị mkpa, lauric acid (C12: 0), oleic acid (C18: 1n9), palmitic acid (C16: 0), stearic acid (C18: 0), na linolenic acid (C18: 3n3) (lee foto S4). Akụkụ nke abụọ kọwara 26.3% nke ọdịiche ahụ wee gụnye, n'usoro dị mkpa, decanoic acid (C10: 0) na linoleic acid (C18: 2n6 cis) (lee ihe atụ S4 mgbakwunye). Profaịlụ nke nri nwere shuga dị mfe (FRU, GAL na GLU) gosipụtara njirimara ndị yiri ya. N'ụzọ dị iche, disaccharides wepụtara profaịlụ dị iche iche: MAL na SUC n'otu aka yana LAC n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Karịsịa, MAL bụ naanị shuga gbanwere profaịlụ FA ma e jiri ya tụnyere CEL. Na mgbakwunye, profaịlụ MAL dị nnọọ iche na profaịlụ FRU na GLU. Karịsịa, profaịlụ MAL gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke C12: 0 (54.59 ± 2.17%), na-eme ka ọ tụnyere CEL (43.10 ± 5.01%), LAC (43.35 ± 1.31%), FRU (48.90 ± 1.97%) na GLU (48.38 ± 2.17%) profaịlụ (lee okpokoro mgbakwunye S1). MAL ụdịdị ahụ gosikwara C18 kacha ala: 1n9 ọdịnaya (9.52 ± 0.50%), nke mere ka ọ dị iche na LAC (12.86 ± 0.52%) na CEL (12.40 ± 1.31%). Ahụrụ usoro yiri nke ahụ maka C16: 0. Na akụkụ nke abụọ, ụdị LAC gosipụtara C18 kachasị elu: 2n6 ọdịnaya (17.22 ± 0.46%), ebe MAL gosipụtara nke kachasị ala (12.58 ± 0.67%). C18: 2n6 mekwara ka LAC dị iche na njikwa (CEL), nke gosipụtara ọkwa dị ala (13.41 ± 2.48%) (lee Mgbakwunye S1).
PCA ibé nke fatty acid profaịlụ nke nwa agha ofufe larvae na dị iche iche monosaccharides (fructose, galactose, glucose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) na cellulose dị ka akara.
Iji mụọ mmetụta oriri na-edozi ahụ nke sugars soluble na H. illucens larvae, cellulose (CEL) na nri ọkụkọ dochie glucose (GLU), fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC), na lactose (LAC). Otú ọ dị, monosaccharides na disaccharides nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na mmepe, nlanarị, na nchịkọta nke larvae HF. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, GLU, FRU, na ụdị disaccharide ha (MAL na SUC) gosipụtara mmetụta nkwado dị mma na uto larval, na-enye ha ohere iru oke arọ ikpeazụ karịa CEL. N'adịghị ka CEL enweghị mgbaze, GLU, FRU, na SUC nwere ike ịgafe mgbochi eriri afọ wee jee ozi dị ka isi mmalite nri dị mkpa na nri edoziri16,28. MAL enweghị ndị na-ebu anụmanụ pụrụ iche ma na-eche na a ga-agbanye ya na molekul glucose abụọ tupu assimilation15. A na-echekwa ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a n'ime ahụ ụmụ ahụhụ dịka isi iyi ike kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ dị ka lipids18. Nke mbụ, gbasara nke ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ọdịiche intramodal a na-ahụ anya nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi obere ọdịiche dị na oke mmekọahụ. N'ezie, na H. illucens, mmeputakwa nwere ike bụrụ nke a na-atụghị anya ya: ụmụ nwanyị toro eto na-enwe oke nchekwa akwa zuru oke ma dị arọ karịa ụmụ nwoke29. Otú ọ dị, nchịkọta lipid na BSFL na-ejikọta na oriri CH2 soluble nri, dị ka a hụrụ na mbụ maka GLU na xylose26,30. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Li et al.30 kwuru na mgbe 8% GLU agbakwunyere na nri anụ ahụ, ọdịnaya lipid nke BSF larvae mụbara site na 7.78% ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa. Nsonaazụ anyị dabara na nlebanya ndị a, na-egosi na ọdịnaya abụba dị na larvae nyere shuga soluble dị elu karịa nke larvae nyere nri CEL, ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmụba 8.57% na mgbakwunye GLU. N'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, a hụrụ nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ na larvae nyere GAL na LAC nri, n'agbanyeghị mmetụta ọjọọ na-eto eto, ịdị arọ ahụ ikpeazụ, na nlanarị. Larvae nyere LAC dị obere karịa ndị a na-enye nri CEL, mana abụba ha nwere dị ka larvae na-enye shuga ndị ọzọ soluble. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosipụta mmetụta mgbochi nri nke lactose na BSFL. Nke mbụ, nri nwere nnukwu ego nke CH. Usoro nnabata na hydrolysis nke monosaccharides na disaccharides, n'otu n'otu, nwere ike iru saturation, na-akpata mkpọmkpọ na usoro assimilation. Banyere hydrolysis, a na-eme ya site na α- na β-glucosidases 31. Enzymes ndị a ahọrọla mkpụrụ nke dabere na nha ha na njikọ kemịkalụ (α ma ọ bụ β njikọ) n'etiti monosaccharides mejupụtara 15 ha. A na-eme hydrolysis nke LAC na GLU na GAL site na β-galactosidase, enzyme nke egosipụtara ọrụ ya na eriri afọ BSF 32. Agbanyeghị, okwu ya nwere ike ọ gaghị ezu oke ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụọgụ LAC nke larvae na-eri. N'ụzọ dị iche, α-glucosidase maltase na sucrase 15, bụ ndị a maara na a na-egosipụta ya nke ukwuu na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwere ike imebi nnukwu MAL na sucrose SUC, si otú ahụ na-egbochi mmetụta a satiating. Nke abuo, ihe mgbochi na-edozi ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata mkpali nke intestinal intestinal ahụhụ nke ọrụ amylase na mbelata nke omume nri ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ. N'ezie, a chọpụtala sugars soluble dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali nke ọrụ enzyme dị mkpa maka mgbaze ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka amylase, yana dị ka ihe na-akpata nzaghachi nri33,34,35. Ogo nke mkpali na-adịgasị iche dabere n'ụdị molekụla nke shuga. N'ezie, disaccharides chọrọ hydrolysis tupu ịmịnye ya ma na-akpali amylase karịa monosaccharides34 ha mejupụtara. N'ụzọ dị iche, LAC nwere mmetụta dị nro ma chọpụta na ọ nweghị ike ịkwado uto ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị dị iche iche33,35. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na pest Spodoptera exigua (Boddie 1850), ọ nweghị ọrụ hydrolytic nke LAC ahụrụ na mpụta nke caterpillar midgut enzymes36.
Banyere ụdịdị FA, nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi mmetụta mgbanwe dị ukwuu nke CH nwalere. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọ bụ ezie na lauric acid (C12: 0) ruru ihe na-erughị 1% nke ngụkọta FA na nri, ọ na-achịkwa na profaịlụ niile (lee Mgbakwunye S1). Nke a kwekọrọ na data gara aga nke na-emepụta lauric acid site na nri CH na H. illuens site na ụzọ nke gụnyere acetyl-CoA carboxylase na FA synthase19,27,37. Nsonaazụ anyị na-akwado na CEL enweghị ike ịgbari ọkụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka "onye na-eme mkpọtụ" na nri nchịkwa BSF, dịka a tụlere n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ BSFL38,39,40. Dochie CEL na monosaccharides na disaccharides ndị ọzọ karịa LAC mụbara oke C12: 0, na-egosi mmụba CH site na larvae. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, disaccharides MAL na SUC na-akwalite njikọ nke lauric acid nke ọma karịa monosaccharides mejupụtara ha, na-atụ aro na n'agbanyeghị ogo dị elu nke polymerization nke GLU na FRU, yana ebe Drosophila bụ naanị onye na-ebugharị sucrose nke achọpụtara na ụdị protein anụmanụ, ndị na-ebugharị disaccharide. nwere ike ọ gaghị adị na eriri afọ H. illucens larvae15, ojiji nke GLU na FRU bụ. mụbara. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụ ezie na GLU na FRU bụ usoro nhazi nke BSF na-emeziwanye ngwa ngwa, ha na-enwetakwa ngwa ngwa site na mkpụrụ na microorganisms gut, nke nwere ike bute mbibi ngwa ngwa ha na mbelata ojiji site na larvae ma e jiri ya tụnyere disaccharides.
Na ilele nke mbụ, ọdịnaya lipid nke larvae nyere LAC na MAL bụ ihe atụnyere, na-egosi ụdị bioavailability nke shuga ndị a. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụ ihe ịtụnanya, profaịlụ FA nke LAC bara ụba na SFA, ọkachasị yana ọdịnaya C12: 0 dị ala, ma e jiri ya tụnyere MAL. Otu echiche iji kọwaa ọdịiche a bụ na LAC nwere ike kpalite bioaccumulation nke FA nri site na acetyl-CoA FA synthase. N'ịkwado echiche a, LAC larvae nwere oke decanoate (C10: 0) kachasị (0.77 ± 0.13%) karịa nri CEL (1.27 ± 0.16%), na-egosi mbelata FA synthase na ọrụ thioesterase19. Nke abụọ, a na-ewere acid fatty acids dị ka isi ihe na-emetụta ihe mejupụtara SFA nke H. illucens27. N'ime nnwale anyị, linoleic acid (C18: 2n6) nwetara 54.81% nke abụba abụba na-eri nri, yana oke nke LAC larvae bụ 17.22 ± 0.46% yana na MAL 12.58 ± 0.67%. Oleic acid (cis + trans C18: 1n9) (23.22% na nri) gosipụtara omume yiri nke ahụ. Oke nke α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) na-akwadokwa echiche bioaccumulation. A maara fatty acid a na-agbakọba na BSFL n'elu nkwalite mkpụrụ, dị ka mgbakwunye nke achicha flaxseed, ruo 6-9% nke mkpokọta fatty acids na larvae19. N'ime nri ndị bara ụba, C18: 3n3 nwere ike ịkọ ihe ruru 35% nke ngụkọta abụba abụba. Agbanyeghị, na ọmụmụ ihe anyị, C18: 3n3 nwere naanị 2.51% nke profaịlụ fatty acid. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ a chọtara na ọdịdị dị ala na larvae anyị, oke a dị elu na LAC larvae (0.87 ± 0.02%) karịa na MAL (0.49 ± 0.04%) (p <0.001; lee Mgbakwunye S1). Nri CEL nwere oke etiti nke 0.72 ± 0.18%. N'ikpeazụ, palmitic acid (C16: 0) ruru na CF larvae na-egosipụta ntinye aka nke ụzọ sịntetik na nri FA19. Hoc et al. 19 chọpụtara na C16: 0 synthesis belatara mgbe ejiri nri flaxseed mejuo nri nri, nke ekwuru na mbelata nnweta nke mkpụrụ osisi acetyl-CoA n'ihi mbelata na oke CH. N'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, ọ bụ ezie na nri abụọ ahụ nwere ọdịnaya CH yiri nke ahụ na MAL gosipụtara bioavailability dị elu, MAL larvae gosipụtara C16: 0 kacha ala (10.46 ± 0.77%), ebe LAC gosipụtara oke dị elu, na-aza 12.85 ± 0.27% (p <0.05; lee! Tebụl mgbakwunye S1). Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosipụta mmetụta dị mgbagwoju anya nke nri nri na mgbaze BSFL na metabolism. Ugbu a, nyocha banyere isiokwu a bụ nke ọma na Lepidoptera karịa na Diptera. N'ime caterpillars, a chọpụtara LAC dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali nke omume nri na-adịghị ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere shuga ndị ọzọ soluble dị ka SUC na FRU34,35. Karịsịa, na Spodopteralittoralis (Boisduval 1833), oriri MAL kpaliri ọrụ amylolytic n'ime eriri afọ ruo n'ókè nke LAC34. Mmetụta ndị yiri ya na BSFL nwere ike ịkọwa nkwalite nkwalite nke ụzọ C12: 0 sịntetik na MAL larvae, nke ejikọtara na ụba CH nke eriri afọ, nri ogologo oge, na ọrụ amylase intestinal. Obere mkpali nke nri nri n'ihu LAC nwekwara ike kọwapụta iji nwayọ eto nke LAC larvae. Ọzọkwa, Liu Yanxia et al. 27 kwuru na ndụ nchekwa nke lipids na substrates H. illucens dị ogologo karịa nke CH. Ya mere, LAC larvae nwere ike ịdabere na lipids nri iji mechaa mmepe ha, nke nwere ike ịbawanye ọdịnaya egbugbere ọnụ ikpeazụ ha ma gbanwee profaịlụ acid fatty ha.
N'ihe ọmụma anyị kacha mma, ọ bụ naanị nyocha ole na ole anwalela mmetụta nke monosaccharide na disaccharide na mgbakwunye na nri BSF na profaịlụ FA ha. Nke mbụ, Li et al. 30 tụlere mmetụta GLU na xylose wee hụ ọkwa lipid dị ka nke anyị na ọnụego mgbakwunye 8%. Enweghị nkọwa zuru ezu nke profaịlụ FA yana mejupụtara nke SFA, mana ọ nweghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti shuga abụọ ahụ ma ọ bụ mgbe ewepụtara ha n'otu oge 30. Ọzọkwa, Cohn et al. 41 egosighi mmetụta nke 20% GLU, SUC, FRU na GAL mgbakwunye na nri ọkụkọ na profaịlụ FA dị iche iche. E nwetara ụdịdị ndị a site na nkà na ụzụ kama ịmegharị ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke, dị ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ kọwara, nwere ike igbochi nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ. Ọzọkwa, enweghị njikwa iso-sugar (iji CEL) na-amachi nkọwa nke nsonaazụ ya. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọmụmụ abụọ nke Nugroho RA et al. egosipụtara anomalies na FA spectra42,43. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe mbụ, Nugroho RA et al. 43 nwalere mmetụta nke ịgbakwụnye FRU na nri mkpụrụ nkwụ fermented. Profaịlụ FA nke larvae na-esi na ya pụta gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke PUFA, karịa 90% nke sitere na nri nwere 10% FRU (dị ka ọmụmụ anyị). Ọ bụ ezie na nri a nwere pellet azụ bara ụba nke PUFA, ụkpụrụ profaịlụ FA a na-akọ banyere larvae na nri njikwa nke nwere 100% PCM fermented adabaghị na profaịlụ ọ bụla akọgoro na mbụ, ọkachasị ọkwa C18: 3n3 nke 17.77. ± 1.67% na 26.08 ± 0.20% maka conjugated linoleic acid (C18: 2n6t), isomer na-adịghị ahụkebe nke linoleic acid. Ọmụmụ ihe nke abụọ gosipụtara nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ gụnyere FRU, GLU, MAL na SUC42 na nri kernel fermented. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, dị ka nke anyị, na-egosipụta ihe isi ike siri ike n'ịtụle nsonaazụ sitere na nnwale nri nri BSF, dị ka nhọrọ njikwa, mmekọrịta ya na isi mmalite nri ndị ọzọ, yana ụzọ nyocha FA.
N'oge nnwale ahụ, anyị hụrụ na agba na isi nke mkpụrụ ahụ dịgasị iche dabere na nri ejiri. Nke a na-egosi na microorganisms nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na nsonaazụ a na-ahụ na mkpụrụ na usoro digestive nke larvae. N'ezie, monosaccharides na disaccharides na-adị mfe metabolized site n'ịchịkọta microorganisms. Nri ngwa ngwa nke sugar soluble site na microorganisms nwere ike ime ka mwepụta nke ngwaahịa metabolic dị ukwuu dị ka ethanol, lactic acid, fatty acids dị mkpụmkpụ (dịka acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid) na carbon dioxide44. Ụfọdụ n'ime ogige ndị a nwere ike bụrụ ihe kpatara mmetụta na-egbu egbu na-egbu egbu na larvae nke Cohn et al.41 hụkwara n'okpuru ọnọdụ mmepe yiri ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ethanol na-emerụ ụmụ ahụhụ45. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ikuku carbon dioxide nwere ike ime ka ọ gbakọta na ala nke tank, nke nwere ike igbochi ikuku oxygen ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku ikuku anaghị ekwe ka a tọhapụ ya. Banyere SCFA, mmetụta ha na ụmụ ahụhụ, karịsịa H. illucens, nọgidere na-aghọtaghị nke ọma, ọ bụ ezie na lactic acid, propionic acid, na butyric acid egosiwo na ọ na-egbu egbu na Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius 1775)46. Na Drosophila melanogaster Meigen 1830, SCFA ndị a bụ akara nrịanrịa nke na-eduzi ụmụ nwanyị na saịtị oviposition, na-atụ aro ọrụ bara uru na mmepe larval47. Otú ọ dị, acetic acid bụ nkewa dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ ma nwee ike igbochi mmepe nke larval nke ọma47. N'ụzọ dị iche, lactate sitere na microbially achọpụtala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ka ọ na-enwe mmetụta nchebe megide microbes gut invasive na Drosophila48. Ọzọkwa, microorganisms dị na sistem nri nri na-ekerekwa òkè na mgbari CH na ụmụ ahụhụ49. A kọwawo mmetụta anụ ahụ nke SCFA na microbiota gut, dị ka ọnụọgụ nri na okwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na vertebrates 50. Ha nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta trophic na H. illucens larvae ma nwee ike itinye aka na nhazi nke profaịlụ FA. Studies na nutritional mmetụta nke ndị a microbial gbaa ụka ngwaahịa ga dokwuo anya mmetụta ha na H. illuens oriri na-edozi na-enye ndabere maka ọdịnihu ọmụmụ na uru ma ọ bụ detrimental microorganisms na okwu nke ha mmepe na uru nke FA-ọgaranya substrates. N'akụkụ a, a na-amụwanye ọrụ nke microorganisms na usoro mgbari nri nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo. A na-amalite ile ụmụ ahụhụ anya dị ka bioreactors, na-enye ọnọdụ pH na oxygenation nke na-eme ka mmepe nke microorganisms pụrụ iche na mmebi ma ọ bụ nkwụsị nke ihe oriri na-esiri ike maka ụmụ ahụhụ na-agbari 51. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Xiang et al.52 gosipụtara na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, inoculation nke ihe mkpofu organic na ngwakọta nje na-enye CF ohere ịdọta nje bacteria pụrụ iche na mmebi nke lignocellulose, na-eme ka mmebi ya dị na mkpụrụ osisi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị na-enweghị larvae.
N'ikpeazụ, gbasara uru bara uru nke ihe mkpofu organic site na H. illucens, nri CEL na SUC na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke larvae kwa ụbọchị. Nke a pụtara na n'agbanyeghị ịdị arọ ikpeazụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ngụkọta nha nha nke emepụtara na mkpụrụ nke nwere CH indigestible bụ nke enwetara na nri homosaccharide nwere monosaccharides na disaccharides. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe anyị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na ọkwa nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ zuru ezu iji kwado ọganihu nke ndị na-eri anụ na na mgbakwunye nke CEL kwesịrị ịdị oke. Otú ọ dị, ihe mejupụtara ikpeazụ nke larvae dị iche, na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị ịhọrọ usoro ziri ezi maka ịkwado ụmụ ahụhụ. CEL larvae a na-eri nri na nri zuru oke dabara adaba maka iji dị ka nri anụmanụ n'ihi ọdịnaya abụba dị ala na ọkwa lauric acid dị ala, ebe larvae na-eri nri na SUC ma ọ bụ nri MAL chọrọ imebi site na ịpị ịbawanye uru mmanụ ahụ, ọkachasị na biofuel. ngalaba. A na-ahụ LAC na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi dị ka whey sitere na mmepụta cheese. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, iji ya (3.5% lactose) kwalitere ịdị arọ ikpeazụ nke anụ ahụ53. Agbanyeghị, nri nchịkwa na ọmụmụ ihe a nwere ọkara ọdịnaya nke lipid. Ya mere, mmetụta mgbochi na-edozi ahụ nke LAC nwere ike bụrụ nke a gbochiri ya site na nchịkọta bioaccumulation nke lipids nri.
Dị ka e gosipụtara na ọmụmụ gara aga, njirimara nke monosaccharides na disaccharides na-emetụta uto nke BSFL ma gbanwee profaịlụ FA ya. Karịsịa, LAC yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ mgbochi nri n'oge mmepe larval site na ịmachi nnweta CH maka nnabata lipid nri, si otú ahụ na-akwalite UFA bioaccumulation. N'okwu a, ọ ga-adọrọ mmasị ịme bioassays site na iji nri na-ejikọta PUFA na LAC. Ọzọkwa, ọrụ nke microorganisms, ọkachasị ọrụ microbial metabolites (dị ka SCFAs) sitere na usoro ịgbakọ shuga, ka bụ isiokwu nyocha kwesịrị nyocha.
Enwetara ụmụ ahụhụ site na mpaghara BSF nke Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology guzobere na 2017 na Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium (maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ gbasara ụzọ ịzụ, lee Hoc et al. 19). Maka nnwale nnwale, a na-anakọta 2.0 g nke àkwá BSF n'enweghị usoro kwa ụbọchị site na ngịịka ọmụmụ wee tinye ya na kilogram 2.0 nke nri ọkụkọ 70% mmiri mmiri (Aveve, Leuven, Belgium). Ụbọchị ise ka apụtachara, e kewapụrụ larvae na mkpụrụ osisi ma jiri aka gụọ ya maka ebumnuche nnwale. A tụrụ ibu mbụ nke ogbe ọ bụla. Nkezi ịdị arọ nke onye ọ bụla bụ 7.125 ± 0.41 mg, na nkezi maka ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ka egosiri na tebụl mgbakwunye S2.
Emebere usoro nri site na nyocha nke Barragan-Fonseca et al. 38 . Na nkenke, a chọtara nkwekọrịta n'etiti otu nri nri maka ọkụkọ larval, ihe dị n'ụdị akọrọ (DM), CH dị elu (10% dabere na nri ọhụrụ) na udidi, ebe ọ bụ na sugars dị mfe na disaccharides enweghị ihe ederede. Dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe ọmụma (Chicken Feed, AVEVE, Leuven, Belgium), na-anwale CH (ie soluble sugar) agbakwunyere iche iche dị ka autoclaved aqueous ngwọta (15.9%) na nri mejupụtara 16.0% protein, 5.0% ngụkọta lipids, 11.9% nri ọkụkọ ala nke nwere ntụ na 4.8% fiber. N'ime ite ọ bụla nke 750 ml (17.20 × 11.50 × 6.00 cm, AVA, Tempsee, Belgium), 101.9 g nke autoclaved CH na-agwakọta ya na 37.8 g nke nri ọkụkọ. Maka nri ọ bụla, ihe dị n'ime ya bụ 37.0%, gụnyere protein protein (11.7%), lipids (3.7%) na sugars (26.9% nke CH agbakwunyere). CH nwalere bụ glucose (GLU), fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC) na lactose (LAC). Nri na-achịkwa gụnyere cellulose (CEL), nke a na-ewere na ọ gaghị eri nri maka H. illucens larvae 38. A na-etinye larvae dị otu narị ụbọchị 5 n'ime tray dabara na mkpuchi nwere oghere dayameta 1 cm n'etiti ma jiri ụgbụ anwụnta kpuchie ya. A na-emegharị nri ọ bụla ugboro anọ.
A tụrụ oke arọ ụbọchị atọ ka mmalite nke nnwale ahụ gasịrị. Maka nha ọ bụla, a na-ewepụ larvae 20 na mkpụrụ ahụ site na iji mmiri ọkụ na ike na-adịghị mma, nke a mịrị amị, ma tụọ (STX223, Ohaus Scout, Parsippany, USA). Mgbe ha tụchara, a na-eweghachi larvae n'etiti etiti mkpụrụ. A na-eme nha ugboro atọ n'izu ruo mgbe prepupa mbụ pụtara. N'ebe a, kpokọta, gụọ, ma tụọ larvae niile dị ka akọwara na mbụ. Nkewa ozo 6 larvae (ya bu, larvae na-acha ocha nke kwekọrọ n'ogbo ahuhu bu nke bu prepupal ogbo) na prepupae (ya bu, ogbo ahihia ikpeazu nke BSF larvae na-agba oji, kwusi nri, ma choo ebe dabara adaba maka metamorphosis) ma chekwaa na - 18 Celsius C maka nyocha ihe mejupụtara. A gbakọrọ mkpụrụ ahụ dị ka oke nke mkpokọta ụmụ ahụhụ (larvae na prepupae nke ogbo 6) nwetara kwa efere (g) ruo oge mmepe (d). A na-akọwapụta ụkpụrụ niile pụtara n'edemede dị ka: pụtara ± SD.
Usoro niile sochirinụ site na iji ihe mgbaze (hexane (Hex), chloroform (CHCl3), methanol (MeOH)) ka emere n'okpuru mkpuchi uzuzu ma chọọ ka iyiri nitrile gloves, aprons na enyo nchekwa.
Akpọchara larvae ọcha n'ime friji FreeZone6 (Labconco Corp., Kansas City, MO, USA) maka awa 72 wee gbadaa (IKA A10, Staufen, Germany). A na-ewepụta mkpokọta lipids site na ± 1 g ntụ ntụ site na iji usoro Folch 54. A na-ekpebi mmiri mmiri fọdụrụnụ nke ihe ọ bụla lyophilized sample na oyiri site na iji ihe nyocha mmiri (MA 150, Sartorius, Göttiggen, Germany) iji dozie maka mkpokọta lipids.
Mkpokọta lipids bụ transesterified n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic iji nweta fatty acid methyl esters. Na nkenke, ihe dị ka 10 mg lipids/100 µl CHCl3 ngwọta (100 µl) ka e ji nitrogen bupu na tube 8 ml Pyrex© (SciLabware – DWK Life Sciences, London, UK). A na-etinye tube ahụ na Hex (0.5 ml) (PESTINORM®SUPRATRACE n-Hexane> 95% maka nyocha nke organic trace, VWR Chemicals, Radnor, PA, USA) na Hex / MeOH / BF3 (20/25/55) ngwọta (0.5). ml) na mmiri ịsa ahụ na 70 Celsius C maka 90 min. Mgbe ọ dị jụụ, 10% mmiri mmiri H2SO4 ngwọta (0.2 ml) na ngwọta NaCl jupụtara (0.5 ml). Gwakọta tube ma jupụta ngwakọta na hex dị ọcha (8.0 ml). A na-ebufe akụkụ nke elu ahụ na vial wee nyochaa ya site na chromatography gas na ihe nchọpụta ionization ọkụ (GC-FID). A na-enyocha ihe nlele site na iji Trace GC Ultra (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) nke nwere injector nkewa / nkewa (240 Celsius) na nkewa nkewa (gbawara agbawa: 10 mL / min), kọlụm Stabilwax®-DA. 30m, 0.25 mm id, 0.25 μm, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, PA, USA) na otu FID (250) Celsius C). Edebere mmemme okpomọkụ dị ka ndị a: 50 Celsius C maka 1 min, na-abawanye na 150 ° C na 30 Celsius C / min, na-abawanye na 240 ° C na 4 ° C / min ma na-aga n'ihu na 240 ° C maka 5 min. A na-eji Hex mee ihe dị ka oghere na ọkọlọtọ ntụaka nwere 37 fatty acid methyl esters (Supelco 37-component FAMEmix, Sigma-Aldrich, Overijse, Belgium) maka njirimara. Achọpụtara njirimara nke unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) site na GC zuru oke abụọ (GC × GC-FID) na ọnụnọ nke isomers kpebisiri ike site na ntakịrị mmegharị nke usoro Ferrara et al. 55. Enwere ike ịchọta nkọwa ngwá ọrụ na Tebụl S3 na mgbakwunye na nsonaazụ S5 nke mgbakwunye.
E gosipụtara data a n'ụdị akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). Emere nyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ site na iji R Studio (ụdị 2023.12.1+402, Boston, USA) 56. A na-eme atụmatụ data na ibu ibu, oge mmepe na mmepụta ihe site na iji usoro linear (LM) (iwu "lm", R ngwugwu "stats" 56) ka ha dabara na nkesa Gaussian. A na-eme atụmatụ ọnụọgụ nlanarị site na iji nyocha ihe atụ binomial site na iji usoro n'ozuzu (GLM) (iwu "glm", ngwugwu R "lme4" 57). A kwadoro normality na homoscedasticity site na iji ule Shapiro (iwu "shapiro.test", R ngwugwu "stats" 56) na nyocha nke ọdịiche data (iwu betadisper, R ngwugwu "vegan" 58). Mgbe nyochachara ụzọ abụọ nke ụkpụrụ p-values (p <0.05) sitere na ule LM ma ọ bụ GLM, achọpụtara nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu dị iche iche site na iji ule EMM (iwu “emmeans”, ngwugwu R “emmeans” 59).
A na-atụnyere ihe nkiri FA zuru oke site na iji multivariate permutation analysis of variance (ie permMANOVA; iwu “adonis2”, R ngwugwu “vegan” 58) iji Euclidean distance matrix na 999 permutations. Nke a na-enyere aka ịchọpụta fatty acids nke na-emetụta ọdịdị nke carbohydrates nri. A na-enyochakwa ndịiche dị mkpa na profaịlụ FA site na iji ntụnyere ụzọ abụọ. A na-ahụzi data ahụ site na iji nyocha akụrụngwa isi (PCA) (iwu "PCA", ngwugwu R "FactoMineR" 60). Achọpụtara ndị FA na-ahụ maka ndịiche ndị a site na ịkọwa okirikiri njikọ. A kwadoro ndị a na-eme ntuli aka site na iji nyocha nke otu ụzọ (ANOVA) (iwu "aov", R ngwugwu "stats" 56 ) sochiri Tukey's post hoc test (iwu TukeyHSD, R ngwugwu "stats" 56). Tupu nyocha, a na-enyocha normality site na iji Shapiro-Wilk test, a na-enyocha homoscedasticity site na iji ule Bartlett (iwu "bartlett.test", R ngwugwu "stats" 56), na usoro na-abụghị parametric na-eji ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị nke abụọ echiche e zutere. . Atụnyere nyocha (iwu “kruskal.test”, ngwugwu R “stats” 56), wee tinye ule Dunn post hoc (iwu dunn.test, ngwugwu R “dunn.test” 56).
A na-enyocha nsụgharị ikpeazụ nke ihe odide ahụ site na iji Grammarly Editor dị ka onye na-enyocha Bekee (Grammarly Inc., San Francisco, California, USA) 61 .
Ihe ndekọ data ewepụtara na nyochara n'oge ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a dị site n'aka onye edemede kwekọrọ na arịrịọ ezi uche dị na ya.
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Kachor, M., Bulak, P., Prots-Petrikha, K., Kirichenko-Babko, M., na Beganovsky, A. Dị iche iche ojiji nke nwa agha ofufe na ụlọ ọrụ na ugbo - a nyochaa. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 12, (2023).
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Oge nzipu: Dec-25-2024