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Ọrụ ugbo ụmụ ahụhụ bụ ụzọ nwere ike isi gboo agụụ na-eto eto zuru ụwa ọnụ maka protein na ọ bụ ọrụ ọhụrụ n'ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ ebe ọtụtụ ajụjụ ka dị gbasara ogo ngwaahịa na nchekwa. Ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na akụ na ụba okirikiri site n'ịgbanwe biowaste ka ọ bụrụ biomass bara uru. Ihe dị ka ọkara nke mkpụrụ nri maka nri worm na-abịa site na nri mmiri mmiri. Enwere ike nweta nke a site na biowaste, na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo ụmụ ahụhụ na-adịgide adịgide. Edemede a na-akọ maka nhazi nri nke mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) nke ejiri ihe ndị sitere na ngwaahịa sitere na ngwaahịa emeju nri. Ndị a gụnyere akwụkwọ nri anaghị ere, mpekere nduku, mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented na akwụkwọ ubi. A na-enyocha ya site n'ịtụle ihe mejupụtara ya nso, profaịlụ fatty acid, ịnweta na ihe dị arọ ọla. Mpekere nduku a na-eri nri nwere abụba okpukpu abụọ yana mmụba nke acid faty juru eju na nke monounsaturated. Iji mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented na-abawanye ọdịnaya ịnweta ma na-akwakọba ọla dị arọ. Na mgbakwunye, nnabata nke mineral site na nri nri bụ nhọrọ, ebe ọ bụ naanị calcium, iron na manganese na-abawanye ụba. Mgbakwunye ngwakọta nke akwukwo nri ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ubi na nri agaghị agbanwe nke ọma profaịlụ nri. N'ikpeazụ, a gbanwere iyi nke ngwaahịa ahụ nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ biomass bara ụba na protein, ọdịnaya na-edozi ahụ na bioavailability nke na-emetụta nhazi nke nri worms.
A na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto eto ga-eru 9.7 ijeri site na 20501,2 na-etinye nrụgide na mmepụta nri anyị iji nagide nnukwu ọchịchọ maka nri. A na-eme atụmatụ na agụụ nri ga-abawanye site na 70-80% n'etiti 2012 na 20503,4,5. A na-emebisị akụ ndị sitere n'okike ejiri na-emepụta nri ugbu a, na-eyi egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe oriri anyị. Na mgbakwunye, nnukwu biomass na-efunahụ ya na mmepụta nri na oriri. A na-eme atụmatụ na n'afọ 2050, oke mkpofu zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ ga-eru ijeri tọn 27, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ bio-waste6,7,8. Na nzaghachi maka ihe ịma aka ndị a, atụpụtala ụzọ ọhụrụ, ụzọ nri nri na mmepe mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo na usoro nri9,10,11. Otu ụzọ dị otú ahụ bụ iji ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe ndị dị ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri nri dị ka isi iyi nri na nri na-adigide12,13. Ọrụ ugbo ụmụ ahụhụ na-emepụta obere ikuku griin haus na amonia, chọrọ obere mmiri karịa isi mmalite protein ọdịnala, enwere ike imepụta ya na sistemu ugbo kwụ ọtọ, na-achọ obere oghere14,15,16,17,18,19. Nnyocha egosiwo na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enwe ike ịtụgharị biowaste dị ala ka ọ bụrụ protein bara ụba biomass nwere ihe dị n'ime ala kpọrọ nkụ ruru 70%20,21,22. Ọzọkwa, a na-eji biomass dị ọnụ ala eme ihe ugbu a maka mmepụta ume, ndochi ma ọ bụ imegharị ihe na ya mere ọ dịghị asọmpi na ngalaba nri na nri ugbu a23,24,25,26. A na-ewere nri nri (T. molitor) 27 dị ka otu n'ime ụdị ndị na-ekwe nkwa maka nnukwu nri na mmepụta nri. Ma larvae na ndị okenye na-eri nri dị iche iche dị ka ngwaahịa ọka, ihe mkpofu anụmanụ, akwụkwọ nri, mkpụrụ osisi, wdg 28,29. N'ime obodo ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, a na-azụ T. molitor na ndọrọ n'agha n'obere ọnụ ọgụgụ, tumadi dị ka nri anụ ụlọ dị ka nnụnụ ma ọ bụ anụ ufe. Ugbu a, ikike ha nwere na mmepụta nri na nri na-enweta nlebara anya karịa30,31,32. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a kwadoro T. molitor na profaịlụ nri ọhụrụ, gụnyere iji na oyi kpọnwụrụ, nke a mịrị amị na powdered (Regulation (EU) No 258/97 na Regulation (EU) 2015/2283) 33. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu mmepụta ihe. nke ụmụ ahụhụ maka nri na nri ka bụ echiche ọhụrụ na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu dị ka oghere ihe ọmụma banyere nri na mmepụta kacha mma, àgwà oriri nke ngwaahịa ikpeazụ, yana nsogbu nchekwa dị ka ihe nsí na ihe ize ndụ microbial. N'adịghị ka ọrụ ugbo anụ ụlọ ọdịnala, ọrụ ugbo ụmụ ahụhụ enweghị ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme yiri ya17,24,25,34.
Ọ bụ ezie na e meela ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere uru nri nri nke nri nri, aghọtabeghị ihe na-emetụta uru nri ha. Nnyocha ndị gara aga egosila na nri ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta ụfọdụ na ihe mejupụtara ya, ma ọ dịghị ihe doro anya a chọtara. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọmụmụ ihe ndị a lekwasịrị anya na protein na lipid components nke mealworms, ma nwere mmetụta dị nta na mineral components21,22,32,35,36,37,38,39,40. Achọkwuru nyocha iji ghọta ikike nnabata ịnweta. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya kwubiri na nri worm larvae nyere radish nwere ntakịrị elu nke ụfọdụ mineral. Agbanyeghị, nsonaazụ ndị a bụ naanị na mkpụrụ a nwalere, yana nnwale ụlọ ọrụ ọzọ achọrọ41. Mgbakọ nke ọla dị arọ (Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg) na nri nri ka akọọrọ na ọ na-ejikọta ya na ọdịnaya igwe nke matriks ahụ. N'agbanyeghi na nchikota nke ọla a na-acho na nri na nri anumanu di n'okpuru oke iwu42, arsenic achọpụtala na ọ na-agbakọba na nri irighiri larvae, ebe cadmium na led anaghị eme bioaccumulate43. Ịghọta mmetụta nke nri na nhazi nri nke nri worms dị oke mkpa maka iji ha eme ihe na nri na nri.
Ọmụmụ ihe e gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ a lekwasịrị anya na mmetụta nke iji ngwaahịa ndị a na-akọ ugbo dị ka isi iyi mmiri na-eri nri na nri nke nri nri. Na mgbakwunye na nri akọrọ, a ga-enyekwa nri mmiri na larvae. Ebe nri mmiri mmiri na-enye mmiri dị mkpa ma na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri maka nri nri, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto na oke ahụ44,45. Dabere na data ịzụ nri nri anyị ọkọlọtọ na Interreg-Valusect, ngụkọta nri nri nwere 57% w/w mmiri mmiri. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eji akwụkwọ nri ọhụrụ (dịka karọt) dị ka ebe nri mmiri 35,36,42,44,46. Iji ngwaahịa ndị dị ọnụ ala dị ka isi mmalite nri mmiri ga-eweta uru na-adigide na akụ na ụba na ọrụ ugbo ụmụ ahụhụ17. Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a bụ (1) nyochaa mmetụta nke iji biowaste dị ka nri mmiri na-edozi nri nke nri nri, (2) chọpụta ọdịnaya macro na micronutrient nke mealworm larvae a zụlitere na biowaste bara ụba nke ịnweta iji nwalee ike nke ihe siri ike nke ịnweta, na (3) nyochaa nchekwa nke ngwaahịa ndị a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo site na nyochaa ọnụnọ na nchịkọta nke ọla dị arọ. Pb, Cd na Cr. Ọmụmụ ihe a ga-enyekwu ozi gbasara mmetụta nke mgbakwunye biowaste na nri nwa ahuhu nri, uru nri na nchekwa.
Ọdịnaya akọrọ dị n'akụkụ mpụta dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere agar mmiri mmiri na-achịkwa. Ọdịnaya akọrọ na ngwakọta akwukwo nri na akwukwo ubi erughị 10%, ebe ọ dị elu na mbelata nduku na mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented (13.4 na 29.9 g/100 g ọhụrụ, FM).
Ngwakọta akwụkwọ nri nwere ntụ ntụ dị elu, abụba na protein dị elu yana ọdịnaya carbohydrate na-abụghị fibrous dị ala karịa nri njikwa (agar), ebe ọdịnaya fiber na-anọpụ iche nke amylase na-agwọ yiri ya. Ọdịnaya carbohydrate dị na mpekere nduku bụ nke kachasị elu n'akụkụ iyi niile dị n'akụkụ ma jiri ya tụnyere nke agar. N'ozuzu, ihe mejupụtara ya dị ka nri njikwa, mana ejiri obere protein (4.9%) na ntụ ntụ (2.9%) 47,48 gbakwunyere ya. PH nke nduku sitere na 5 ruo 6, ọ dịkwa mma ịmara na iyi akụkụ nduku a bụ acidic (4.7). Mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented bara ụba na ntụ ma bụrụ nke kachasị acidic n'akụkụ iyi niile. Ebe ọ bụ na emeghị ka mgbọrọgwụ ya dị ọcha, a na-atụ anya ka ọtụtụ n'ime ntụ ahụ mejupụtara ájá (silica). Akwụkwọ ubi bụ naanị ngwaahịa alkaline ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa na iyi ndị ọzọ. Ọ nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ntụ na protein yana carbohydrates dị ala karịa njikwa. Ngwakọta crude kacha nso na mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented, mana ntinye protein crude dị elu (15.0%), nke a na-atụnyere ọdịnaya protein nke ngwakọta akwukwo nri. Nyocha ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke data ndị a dị n'elu gosipụtara ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na nchịkọta crude na pH nke iyi n'akụkụ.
Mgbakwunye ngwakọta akwụkwọ nri ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ubi na nri nri nri emetụtaghị ihe mejupụtara biomass nke mealworm larvae ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu njikwa (Table 1). Mgbakwunye nke nduku nduku butere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na nhazi biomass ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-ahụ maka nchịkwa na-anata mealworm larvae na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke nri mmiri. Ma protein ọdịnaya nke mealworms, ma e wezụga nduku cuttings, dị iche iche dị nso mejupụtara akụkụ iyi emetụtaghị protein ọdịnaya nke larvae. Iri mkpụrụ osisi nduku dị ka isi iyi mmiri butere mmụba okpukpu abụọ na abụba nke larvae na mbelata ọdịnaya nke protein, chitin na carbohydrates na-abụghị fibrous. Mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented mụbara ọdịnaya uyi nke mealworm larvae otu ugboro na ọkara.
Ekwuputara profaịlụ nke ịnweta dị ka macromineral (Table 2) na micronutrient (Table 3) dị n'ime nri mmiri na nri worm larval biomass.
N'ozuzu, akụkụ ndị ọrụ ugbo bara ụba na macromineral ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-achịkwa, ma e wezụga maka igbutu nduku, bụ nke nwere obere Mg, Na na Ca ọdịnaya. Ntụnye potassium dị elu n'akụkụ akụkụ niile ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa. Agar nwere 3 mg/100 g DM K, ebe K itinye uche na sidestream sitere na 1070 ruo 9909 mg/100 g DM. Ọdịnaya Macromineral na ngwakọta akwukwo nri dị elu nke ukwuu karịa na otu njikwa, mana ọdịnaya Na dị ntakịrị ala (88 vs. 111 mg/100 g DM). Ntinye uche nke macromineral na mbelata nduku bụ nke kachasị ala n'akụkụ akụkụ niile. Ọdịnaya macromineral dị na mbelata nduku dị obere karịa na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na njikwa. Ewezuga na ọdịnaya Mg dị ka ndị otu njikwa. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented enweghị oke kachasị nke macrominerals, ọdịnaya ntụ nke n'akụkụ iyi a bụ nke kachasị elu n'akụkụ iyi niile. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ha adịghị ọcha ma nwee ike ịnwe oke silica (aja). Ọdịnaya Na na Ca dị ka nke ngwakọta inine. Mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented nwere mkpokọta kachasị elu nke Na n'akụkụ iyi niile. Ewezuga Na, akwụkwọ ahịhịa ahịhịa nwere oke oke nke macromineral nke ahịhịa niile dị mmiri. Ntụle K (9909 mg / 100 g DM) dị puku ugboro atọ dị elu karịa njikwa (3 mg / 100 g DM) na ugboro 2.5 dị elu karịa ngwakọta akwukwo nri (4057 mg / 100 g DM). Ọdịnaya Ca bụ nke kachasị elu n'akụkụ iyi niile (7276 mg / 100 g DM), 20 ugboro dị elu karịa njikwa (336 mg / 100 g DM) na ugboro 14 dị elu karịa mkpokọta Ca na mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented ma ọ bụ ngwakọta akwukwo nri (530). na 496 mg / 100 g DM).
Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na nchịkọta macromineral nke nri (Table 2), ọ dịghị ihe dị ịrịba ama dị iche iche a chọtara na nchịkọta macromineral nke mealworms zụlitere na ngwakọta akwukwo nri na nri nchịkwa.
Larvae nyere crumbs nduku nri nwere obere mkpokọta macromineral niile ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa, ewezuga Na, nke nwere oke nha anya. Na mgbakwunye, nri nduku kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ butere mbelata kachasị na ọdịnaya macromineral larval ma e jiri ya tụnyere akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Nke a dabara na ntụ ala dị n'usoro nri nri dị nso. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na P na K dị elu nke ukwuu na nri mmiri a karịa akụkụ ndị ọzọ na njikwa ahụ, ihe mejupụtara ahihia egosighi nke a. Obere Ca na Mg dị na nri nri biomass nwere ike jikọta ya na obere Ca na Mg dị na nri mmiri n'onwe ya.
Iri mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented na akwụkwọ mkpụrụ osisi butere ọkwa calcium dị elu nke ukwuu karịa njikwa. Akwụkwọ mkpụrụ osisi nwere ọkwa kachasị elu nke P, Mg, K na Ca nke nri mmiri niile, mana nke a egosighi na nri worm biomass. N'ihe dị ntakịrị na larvae ndị a, ebe mkpokọta Na dị elu na akwụkwọ mkpụrụ osisi karịa n'osisi nduku. Ọdịnaya ca na-abawanye na larvae (66 mg / 100 g DM), mana mkpokọta Ca adịghị elu dị ka ndị nọ na mealworm biomass (79 mg / 100 g DM) na nnwale mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented, n'agbanyeghị na itinye uche Ca na ahịhịa ahịhịa bụ ihe ọkụkụ. 14 ugboro elu karịa na chicory mgbọrọgwụ.
Dabere na ihe mejupụtara microelement nke nri mmiri mmiri (Table 3), ihe mejupụtara mineral nke ngwakọta akwukwo nri yiri otu njikwa, ma e wezụga na ntinye uche Mn dị ntakịrị. Nleba nke microelements niile nyochara dị ala na mbelata nduku ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ. Mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100 karịa ígwè, ọla kọpa 4 ugboro, zinc okpukpu abụọ na ihe dị ka otu ego manganese. Ihe dị n'ime zinc na manganese dị n'ime akwụkwọ nke ubi ubi dị elu nke ukwuu karịa na otu njikwa.
Ọnweghị nnukwu ihe dị iche iche ahụrụ n'etiti ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị na larvae na-enye njikwa, ngwakọta akwụkwọ nri, na nri mkpofu nduku mmiri. Agbanyeghị, ọdịnaya Fe na Mn nke larvae nyere nri mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented dị nnọọ iche na nke nri worms na-enye ndị otu njikwa nri. Mmụba nke ọdịnaya Fe nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba otu narị ugboro na ntinye ihe nchọta na nri mmiri n'onwe ya. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụ ezie na enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na Mn n'etiti mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented na otu njikwa, ọkwa Mn mụbara na larvae na-enye mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented. Ekwesiri ighota na ntinye uche nke Mn di elu (ugboro 3) na nri akwukwo mmiri nke nri horticulture ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa, ma enweghi ihe di iche iche na nhazi biomass nke nri nri. Naanị ihe dị iche n'etiti akwụkwọ nchịkwa na ihe ọkụkụ bụ ọdịnaya Cu, nke dị ala na akwụkwọ.
Tebụl 4 na-egosi nchikota nke ọla dị arọ nke a na-ahụ n'ime ihe. Nleta kacha elu nke Europe nke Pb, Cd na Cr na nri anụmanụ zuru oke ka agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ mg/100 g ihe akọrọ wee tinye ya na Tebụl 4 iji mee ka ntụnyere nlebara anya dị na iyi n'akụkụ.
Achọpụtaghị Pb na nri mmiri mmiri na-achịkwa, ngwakọta akwukwo nri ma ọ bụ bran poteto, ebe akwụkwọ ubi nwere 0.002 mg Pb/100 g DM na mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented nwere ntinye kachasị elu nke 0.041 mg Pb/100 g DM. Nleta C na nri nchịkwa na akwụkwọ ubi nwere atụnyere (0.023 na 0.021 mg/100 g DM), ebe ha dị ntakịrị na ngwakọta akwụkwọ nri na bran nduku (0.004 na 0.007 mg/100 g DM). E jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ, ntinye uche Cr na mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented dị elu nke ukwuu (0.135 mg/100 g DM) na ugboro isii dị elu karịa na nri njikwa. Achọtaghị Cd na iyi njikwa ma ọ bụ akụkụ ọ bụla ejiri.
Ahụrụ ọkwa Pb na Cr dị elu nke ukwuu na larvae na-enye mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented. Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtaghị Cd n'ime larvae ọ bụla nriworm.
Emere nyocha qualitative nke acid fatty dị na abụba crude iji chọpụta ma profaịlụ fatty acid nke mealworm larvae nwere ike imetụta akụkụ dị iche iche nke mmiri dị n'akụkụ ebe a na-eri nri. E gosipụtara nkesa nke fatty acids ndị a na Tebụl 5. A na-edepụta acids fatty acids site na aha ha na-emekarị na usoro molecular (nke a na-akpọ "Cx: y", ebe x kwekọrọ na ọnụọgụ carbon carbon na y na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke njikọ ndị na-adịghị mma. ).
Profaịlụ acid fatty acid nke nri worm na-enye iberi nduku ka agbanweela nke ukwuu. Ha nwere nnukwu myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitic acid (C16: 0), palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), na oleic acid (C18: 1). Ntụnye nke pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0), linoleic acid (C18: 2), na linolenic acid (C18: 3) dị ntakịrị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere nri nri ndị ọzọ. Tụnyere profaịlụ fatty acid ndị ọzọ, oke C18: 1 ruo C18: 2 tụgharịrị na shreds nduku. Ahịhịa nri a na-eri akwụkwọ ahịhịa nwere nnukwu pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0) karịa nri irighiri nri ndị ọzọ na-eri mmiri.
A na-ekewa fatty acids n'ime fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), na polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Tebụl 5 na-egosi mkpokọta nke otu fatty acid a. N'ozuzu, profaịlụ fatty acid nke nri worms na-enye mkpofu nduku dị iche na njikwa na iyi ndị ọzọ. Maka otu fatty acid nke ọ bụla, nri irighiri ibe nduku nyere nri dị nnọọ iche na otu ndị ọzọ niile. Ha nwere ọtụtụ SFA na MUFA yana obere PUFA.
Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnụego nlanarị yana mkpokọta mkpụrụ nke larvae bred n'ụdị dị iche iche. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nlanarị n'ozuzu ya bụ 90%, na ngụkọta nke ịdị arọ mkpụrụ bụ gram 974. Mealworms na-ahazi ihe ndị sitere na ngwaahịa dị ka isi iyi nri mmiri. Nri nri mmiri Mealworm bụ ihe karịrị ọkara nke mkpokọta nri nri (akọrọ + mmiri). Dochie inine ọhụrụ site na ngwaahịa ugbo dị ka nri mmiri ọdịnala nwere uru akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi maka ịkọ nri nri.
Tebụlụ 1 na-egosi na ihe mejupụtara biomass nke larvae mealworm zụlitere na nri nchịkwa bụ ihe dịka 72% mmiri mmiri, 5% ash, 19% lipid, protein 51%, 8% chitin, na 18% nkụ dị ka carbohydrates na-abụghị fibrous. Nke a yiri ụkpụrụ a kọrọ na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, anyị jiri usoro Kjeldahl chọpụta ọdịnaya protein crude na nha N ruo P nke 5.33, ebe ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na-eji oke 6.25 na-ejikarị eme ihe maka anụ na nri nri.50,51
Mgbakwunye nke nduku nduku (nri mmiri mmiri nwere carbohydrate) na nri mere ka abụba abụba dị n'ime irighiri okpukpu abụọ. A ga-atụ anya na ọdịnaya carbohydrate nke nduku ga-agụnye starch, ebe agar nwere sugars (polysaccharides) 47,48. Nchọpụta a dị iche n'ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ chọpụtara na abụba na-ebelata mgbe a na-eri nri nri gbakwunyere na poteto ndị nwere uzuoku nke nwere obere protein (10.7%) yana nnukwu starch (49.8%) 36. Mgbe agbakwunyere pomace oliv na nri, protein na carbohydrate dị n'ime nri nri dabara na nke nri mmiri mmiri, ebe abụba adịghị agbanwe agbanwe35. N'ụzọ dị iche, nchọpụta ndị ọzọ egosila na protein ọdịnaya nke larvae na-azụlite n'akụkụ iyi dị n'akụkụ na-enwe mgbanwe dị mkpa, dị ka abụba ọdịnaya22,37.
mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented budata ụba uyi ọdịnaya nke mealworm larvae (Table 1). Nnyocha na mmetụta nke ihe ndị sitere na ash na mineral mejupụtara nke mealworm larvae nwere oke. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ nri sitere na ngwaahịa etinyela uche na abụba na protein ọdịnaya nke larvae na-enyochaghị ọdịnaya ash21,35,36,38,39. Otú ọ dị, mgbe a nyochara ọdịnaya ntụ nke larvae na-eri site na ngwaahịa, a hụrụ mmụba nke ọdịnaya ntụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iri nri worms n'ubi mụbara ọdịnaya ntụ ha site na 3.01% ruo 5.30%, yana ịgbakwụnye mkpofu anyụ na nri mụbara ọdịnaya ntụ site na 1.87% ruo 4.40%.
N'agbanyeghị na isi nri mmiri mmiri niile dịgasị iche iche n'ihe dị ka ihe mejupụtara ya (Table 1), ndịiche dị na nhazi biomass nke larvae mealworm na-enye nri mmiri dị iche iche dị obere. Naanị nri worm larvae na-eri nri nduku ma ọ bụ mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented gosipụtara mgbanwe dị ukwuu. Otu nkọwa nwere ike ime maka nsonaazụ a bụ na na mgbakwunye na mgbọrọgwụ chicory, a na-agbakọtakwa chunks nduku (pH 4.7, Tebụl 1), na-eme ka starch/carbohydrates dịkwuo mma / dị na nri nri nri. Kedu ka nri nri larvae si ejikọta lipids sitere na nri ndị dị ka carbohydrates dị oke mma ma ekwesịrị inyocha ya nke ọma na ọmụmụ ihe n'ọdịnihu. Nnyocha e mere n'oge gara aga na mmetụta nke mmiri mmiri pH na-eri nri nri na-eto eto kwubiri na ọ dịghị ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama a hụrụ mgbe ị na-eji agar blocks na nri mmiri mmiri n'elu pH nke 3 ruo 9. Nke a na-egosi na a pụrụ iji nri mmiri fermented mee ihe na omenala Tenebrio molitor53. . Dị ka Coudron et al.53, nyocha nchịkwa na-eji agar blocks na nri mmiri na-enye n'ihi na ha erughi eru na mineral na nri. Ọmụmụ ihe ha enyochaghị mmetụta nke isi mmalite nri mmiri dị iche iche dị ka akwụkwọ nri ma ọ bụ poteto na imeziwanye mgbaze ma ọ bụ bioavailability. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara nsonaazụ gbaa ụka nke isi nri mmiri mmiri na nri worm larvae dị mkpa iji nyochakwu echiche a.
Nkesa nke ịnweta nri nri nri biomass nke a chọtara n'ọmụmụ ihe a (Table 2 na 3) tụnyere oke nke macro- na micronutrients dị na akwụkwọ48,54,55. Inye irighiri nri nwere mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented dị ka isi iyi nri mmiri mmiri na-ebuli ọdịnaya ịnweta ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nnukwu macro- na micronutrients ndị dị elu na akwukwo nri mixes na ubi epupụta (Table 2 na 3), ha emetụtaghị ịnweta ọdịnaya nke mealworm biomass ruo n'ókè dị ka fermented chicory mgbọrọgwụ. Otu nkọwa nwere ike ịbụ na ihe oriri ndị dị na akwụkwọ osisi alkaline dị ntakịrị karịa ndị ọzọ, nri mmiri mmiri acidic (Table 1). Ihe omumu gara aga jiri ahihia osikapa ferment nye nri nri nri ma choputara na ha toro nke oma na nke a sidestream ma gosikwa na tupu ọgwụgwọ nke mkpụrụ osisi site na gbaa ụka na-ebute nri nri. 56 Iji mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented mụbara ọdịnaya Ca, Fe na Mn nke mealworm biomass. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkụ nke a nwekwara ọkwa dị elu nke mineral ndị ọzọ (P, Mg, K, Na, Zn na Cu), mineral ndị a adịchaghị ukwuu na mealworm biomass ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa, na-egosi nhọrọ nke ịnweta ịnweta. Ịba ụba ọdịnaya nke mineral ndị a na mealworm biomass nwere uru nri maka ebumnuche nri na nri. Calcium bụ mineral dị mkpa nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ neuromuscular na ọtụtụ usoro mgbasa ozi nke enzyme dị ka mkpụkọ ọbara, ọkpụkpụ na nha nha. 57,58 ụkọ ígwè bụ nsogbu a na-enwekarị ná mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, ebe ụmụaka, ndị inyom na ndị agadi anaghị enweta ígwè zuru ezu na nri ha. 54 Ọ bụ ezie na manganese bụ ihe dị mkpa na nri mmadụ ma na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọtụtụ enzymes, ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu egbu. Ọkwa manganese dị elu n'ime irighiri nri na-enye mgbọrọgwụ chicory ferment abaghị uru ma yie nke dị na ọkụkọ. 59
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọla ndị dị arọ dị n'akụkụ akụkụ dị n'okpuru ụkpụrụ Europe maka nri anụmanụ zuru oke. Nnyocha igwe dị arọ nke larvae mealworm gosiri na ọkwa Pb na Cr dị elu nke ukwuu na nri nri nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented na-eri karịa na otu njikwa na ihe ndị ọzọ (Table 4). Mgbọrọgwụ chicory na-eto na ala ma mara na ọ na-amịkọrọ ọla dị arọ, ebe akụkụ nke ọzọ na-esite na mmepụta nri mmadụ na-achịkwa. Mealworms nke ejiri mgbọrọgwụ chicory fermented nweta nwekwara ọkwa dị elu nke Pb na Cr (Table 4). Ihe ndị a gbakọọ bioaccumulation (BAF) bụ 2.66 maka Pb na 1.14 maka Cr, ya bụ karịa 1, na-egosi na nri irighiri nri nwere ikike ịkwakọba ọla dị arọ. N'ihe gbasara Pb, EU na-edobe ọdịnaya Pb kachasị nke 0.10 mg kwa kilogram anụ ọhụrụ maka oriri mmadụ61. N'ime nyocha data nnwale anyị, ọnụọgụ Pb kachasị achọpụtara na nri nri chicory fermented bụ 0.11 mg/100 g DM. Mgbe a gbanwere uru ahụ gaa na ihe akọrọ nke 30.8% maka nri nri ndị a, ọdịnaya Pb bụ 0.034 mg / kg ihe ọhụrụ, nke dị n'okpuru ọkwa kachasị elu nke 0.10 mg / kg. Enweghị ọdịnaya Cr kacha akọwapụta n'ụkpụrụ nri ndị Europe. A na-ahụkarị Cr na gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe oriri na ihe mgbakwunye nri ma mara na ọ bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa maka mmadụ na obere ego 62,63,64. Nyocha ndị a (Table 4) na-egosi na T. molitor larvae nwere ike ịkwakọba ọla dị arọ mgbe ọla dị arọ dị na nri. Agbanyeghị, a na-ahụta ọkwa ọla dị arọ dị na mealworm biomass na ọmụmụ ihe a dị mma maka oriri mmadụ. A na-atụ aro nleba anya mgbe niile na nke ọma mgbe ị na-eji iyi dị n'akụkụ nwere ike ịnwe ọla dị arọ dị ka ebe nri mmiri maka T. molitor.
Acids fatty kachasị na mkpokọta biomass nke T. molitor larvae bụ palmitic acid (C16: 0), oleic acid (C18: 1), na linoleic acid (C18: 2) (Table 5), nke kwekọrọ na ọmụmụ gara aga. na T. molitor. Nsonaazụ ụdị dị iche iche nke fatty acid na-agbanwe agbanwe36,46,50,65. Profaịlụ acid fatty acid nke T. molitor na-enwekarị isi ihe ise: oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), myristic acid (C14:0), na stearic acid. (C18:0). A na-akọ na oleic acid bụ acid fatty kachasị ukwuu (30-60%) na nri nri larvae, palmitic acid na linoleic acid22,35,38,39 sochiri ya. Nnyocha ndị gara aga egosila na a na-emetụta profaịlụ acid fatty a site na nri nri larval nri, mana ndịiche adịghị agbaso otu usoro dị ka diet38. Tụnyere profaịlụ fatty acid ndị ọzọ, oke C18:1–C18:2 na peelings nduku na-atụgharị. Enwetara nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ maka mgbanwe na profaịlụ fatty acid nke mealworms na-eri nri peelings nduku uzuoku36. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi na n'agbanyeghị na enwere ike gbanwee profaịlụ fatty acid nke mmanụ nri nri, ọ ka bụ isi iyi nke fatty acids na-enweghị isi.
Ebumnobi ọmụmụ a bụ iji nyochaa mmetụta nke iji mmiri mmiri biowaste anọ dị iche iche dị iche iche dị ka nri mmiri na nhazi nke nri worms. A na-enyocha mmetụta ahụ dabere na uru nri nke larvae. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ngwaahịa ndị a gbanwere nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ protein bara ụba biomass (protein ọdịnaya 40.7-52.3%), nke enwere ike iji dị ka nri na nri nri. Na mgbakwunye, ọmụmụ ahụ gosiri na iji ngwaahịa ndị ahụ dị ka nri mmiri mmiri na-emetụta uru nri nri nke mealworm biomass. Karịsịa, inye larvae na a elu ịta nke carbohydrates (eg nduku he) enwekwu ha abụba ọdịnaya na-agbanwe ha ọdụdụ asịd mejupụtara: ala ọdịnaya nke polyunsaturated ọdụdụ asịd na elu ọdịnaya nke jujuru na monounsaturated ọdụdụ asịd, ma ọ bụghị ịta nke unsaturated ọdụdụ asịd. . Fatty acids (monounsaturated + polyunsaturated) ka na-achị. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosikwara na nri worm na-ahọrọ nke ọma na-akpakọba calcium, iron na manganese site na iyi dị n'akụkụ nke nwere mineral acidic. Bioavailability nke mineral na-egosi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa ma chọkwuru ọmụmụ ihe iji ghọta nke ọma nke a. Ọla dị arọ dị na iyi dị n'akụkụ nwere ike ịgbakọta na nri nri. Agbanyeghị, mkpokọta ikpeazụ nke Pb, Cd na Cr na larval biomass dị n'okpuru ọkwa a na-anabata, na-enye ohere iji mmiri iyi ndị a n'enweghị nsogbu dị ka isi iyi nri mmiri.
Radius (Giel, Belgium) na Inagro (Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium) zụlitere larvae Mealworm na Thomas More University of Applied Sciences na 27 Celsius C na iru mmiri 60%. Njupụta nke nri worm zụlitere na akwarium 60 x 40 cm bụ 4.17 worms/cm2 (10,000 mealworms). A na-enye Larvae na mbụ nri kilogram 2.1 nke ọka wit dị ka nri akọrọ n'otu ebe a na-azụ anụ ma tinyezie ya ka ọ dị mkpa. A na-eji ihe mgbochi agar mee ihe dị ka ihe nchịkwa nri mmiri mmiri. Site na izu 4, a na-enye mmiri iyi dị n'akụkụ (bụkwa isi iyi mmiri) dị ka nri mmiri kama agar ad libitum. Ebu ụzọ kpebie ma dekọọ pasentị ihe kpọrọ nkụ nke mmiri dị n'akụkụ ọ bụla iji hụ na mmiri hà nhata maka ụmụ ahụhụ niile n'ofe ọgwụgwọ. A na-ekesa nri ahụ n'otu oge na terrarium. A na-anakọta larvae mgbe pupae mbụ pụtara na otu nnwale. A na-eme owuwe ihe ubi ahụ site na iji igwe nhịhịa dayameta 2 mm. Ewezuga nnwale diced nduku. A na-ekewakwa akụkụ buru ibu nke nduku a mịrị amị, site n'ikwe ka larvae si na sieve a na-akpụkọta ha na tray ígwè. A na-ekpebi mkpokọta ịdị arọ owuwe ihe ubi site n'ịtụ mkpokọta ịdị arọ owuwe ihe ubi. A na-agbakọ nlanarị site n'ịkesaa mkpokọta oke owuwe ihe ubi site n'ịdị arọ nke larval. A na-ekpebi ibu ibu site na ịhọrọ opekempe 100 larvae na kewaa mkpokọta ha site na ọnụọgụ. A na-agụụ larvae anakọtara maka awa 24 iji kpochaa afọ ha tupu nyocha. N'ikpeazụ, a na-enyocha larvae ọzọ iji kewapụ ha na nke fọdụrụ. A na-ehichapụ ha na friji ma chekwaa ya na -18 Celsius C ruo mgbe nyocha.
Ihe oriri akọrọ bụ bran ọka (Belgian Molens Joye). A na-ebu ụzọ sụọ ọka ọka ọka ka ọ bụrụ nha nke na-erughị 2 mm. Na mgbakwunye na nri akọrọ, mealworm larvae chọkwara nri mmiri iji nọgide na-enwe mmiri na ihe mgbakwunye mineral nke nri worm chọrọ. Nri mmiri mmiri na-akpata ihe karịrị ọkara nke mkpokọta nri (nri akọrọ + nri mmiri). N'ime nnwale anyị, ejiri agar (Brouwland, Belgium, 25 g/l) mee ihe dị ka nri mmiri mmiri na-achịkwa45. Dị ka egosiri na eserese 1, a nwalere ngwaahịa ọrụ ugbo anọ nwere ihe dị iche iche na-edozi ahụ dị ka nri mmiri maka nri irighiri larvae. Ngwaahịa ndị a na-agụnye (a) akwụkwọ si na kukumba cultivation (Inagro, Belgium), (b) nduku trimmings (Duigny, Belgium), (c) fermented chicory mgbọrọgwụ (Inagro, Belgium) na (d) mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na-adịghị ere site na auctions. . (Belorta, Belgium). A na-egbutu iyi dị n'akụkụ n'ime iberibe kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji dị ka nri nri worm mmiri.
Ngwaahịa nke ugbo dị ka nri mmiri maka nri nri; (a) akwukwo ubi sitere na kukumba, (b) mkpuru nduku, (c) mgbọrọgwụ chicory, (d) akwukwo nri a na-ereghi n'azu ahia na (e) agar blocks. Dị ka njikwa.
Ngwakọta nke nri na nri nri larvae kpebisiri ike ugboro atọ (n = 3). A na-enyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa, ihe mejupụtara mineral, ọdịnaya ọla dị arọ na ihe mejupụtara acid fatty. A na-ewepụta ihe nlele homogenized nke 250 g site na nchịkọta ndị a na-achịkọta na agụụ na-agụ, nke a mịrị amị na 60 ° C ruo mgbe nile ịdị arọ, ala (IKA, Tube igwe nri 100) na sieve site na sieve 1 mm. A na-emechi ihe nlele ndị a mịrị amị n'ime akpa gbara ọchịchịrị.
Achọpụtara ọdịnaya ihe akọrọ (DM) site na ihicha ihe nlele na oven na 105 Celsius maka awa 24 (Memmert, UF110). A na-agbakọ pasent nke ihe akọrọ na-adabere na ọnwụ nke nlele ahụ.
Achọpụtara ọdịnaya ash crude (CA) site na oke ọnwụ mgbe a gbasịrị ọkụ n'ime ọkụ muffle (Nabertherm, L9 / 11 / SKM) na 550 ° C maka awa 4.
E ji mmanụ mmanụ ether (bp 40–60 Celsius C) were ihe mmịpụta Soxhlet rụpụta ọdịnaya abụba crude ma ọ bụ diethyl ether (EE). A na-etinye ihe dị ka 10 g nke ihe nlele n'isi mmịpụta wee kpuchie ya na ajị seramiiki ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi. Eji 150 ml ether petroleum wepụta ihe nlele n'otu abalị. A na-eme ka ihe ahụ dị mma, e wepụrụ ihe mgbaze organic ahụ wee nwetaghachi site na evaporation rotary (Büchi, R-300) na 300 mbar na 50 Celsius. A jụrụ ajụ ma ọ bụ ihe ether amịpụtara ma tụọ ya na nguzozi nke nyocha.
Achọpụtara ọdịnaya protein crude (CP) site na nyochaa nitrogen dị na nlele site na iji usoro Kjeldahl BN EN ISO 5983-1 (2005). Jiri ihe N ruo P kwesịrị ekwesị gbakọọ ọdịnaya protein. Maka nri akọrọ ọkọlọtọ (ọka wit) jiri ngụkọta ihe ruru 6.25. Maka iyi n'akụkụ, a na-eji ihe 4.2366 eme ihe yana maka ngwakọta akwụkwọ nri, a na-eji ihe 4.3967 mee ihe. A gbakọọ ọdịnaya protein crude nke larvae site na iji ihe N ruo P nke 5.3351.
Ọdịnaya eriri ahụ gụnyere mkpebi nke na-anọpụ iche fiber (NDF) dabere na usoro mmịpụta Gerhardt (nyocha eriri akwụkwọ ntuziaka na akpa, Gerhardt, Germany) na usoro van Soest 68. Maka mkpebi NDF, a na-etinye ihe nlele 1 g n'ime akpa eriri pụrụ iche (Gerhardt, ADF / NDF akpa) nwere ihe mkpuchi iko. A na-ebu ụzọ jiri mmanụ mmanụ ether (ebe na-esi esi 40-60 Celsius C) kụrie akpa ndị ahụ fiber jupụtara na ihe nlele, wee kpoo ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ. Ewepụtara ihe nlele ahụ mebiri emebi na ihe ncha mmiri na-anọpụ iche nke nwere α-amylase na-ekpo ọkụ na-esi ísì ụtọ maka awa 1.5. A na-asacha ihe nlele ahụ ugboro atọ na mmiri esi mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ ma kpoo ya na 105 Celsius C n'abali. A na-atụba akpa eriri akọrọ (nke nwere eriri eriri) site na iji nguzozi nyocha (Sartorius, P224-1S) wee gbaa ọkụ n'ọkụ muffle (Nabertherm, L9 / 11 / SKM) na 550 ° C maka awa 4. A tụgharịrị ntụ ahụ ọzọ wee gbakọọ ọdịnaya eriri ahụ dabere na mfu dị arọ n'etiti ihicha na ọkụ nke nlele ahụ.
Iji chọpụta ọdịnaya chitin nke larvae, anyị na-eji usoro mgbanwe gbanwere dabere na nyocha nke crude fiber site van Soest 68. A na-etinye ihe nlele 1 g n'ime akpa eriri pụrụ iche (Gerhardt, akpa CF) na akara iko. A na-akwakọba ihe atụ ndị ahụ n'ime akpa eriri, gbazere na petroleum ether (c. 40-60 Celsius) na ikuku akpọnwụwo. Ebu ụzọ wepụta ihe nlele ahụ mebiri emebi site na ngwọta acidic nke 0.13 M sulfuric acid na okpomọkụ na-esi ọkụ maka nkeji 30. A na-asacha akpa eriri eriri nke nwere ihe nlele ahụ ugboro atọ na mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ wee wepụta ya na ngwọta 0.23M potassium hydroxide maka awa 2. A na-asachakwa akpa eriri eriri nke nwere ihe nlele ahụ ọzọ site na mmiri esi mmiri esi mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpoo ya na 105 Celsius C n'abali. A tụrụ akpa akọrọ nke nwere ihe fọdụrụ n'ime eriri ahụ na nguzozi nyocha wee gbaa ya ọkụ n'ime ọkụ muffle na 550 Celsius maka awa anọ. A tụrụ ntụ ahụ ma gbakọọ ọdịnaya eriri ahụ dabere na nha nha nke nlele ekpochapụrụ ọkụ.
A gbakọrọ mkpokọta carbohydrate ọdịnaya. A na-agbakọ mkpokọta carbohydrate na-abụghị fibrous (NFC) na nri nri site na iji nyocha NDF, ma gbakọọ mkpokọta ụmụ ahụhụ site na iji nyocha chitin.
Ekpebiri pH nke matriks ka emechara ya na mmiri deionized (1: 5 v / v) dị ka NBN EN 15933 si kwuo.
A haziri ihe nlele dịka Broeckx et al kọwara. Ekpebiri profaịlụ ịnweta site na iji ICP-OES (Optima 4300 ™ DV ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, MA, USA).
A na-enyocha ọla dị arọ Cd, Cr na Pb site na graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Thermo Scientific, ICE 3000 usoro, nke nwere GFS oven autosampler). Ihe dị ka 200 mg nke sample gbarie na acidic HNO3/HCl (1: 3 v / v) site na iji microwaves (CEM, MARS 5). A na-eme mgbaze Microwave na 190 ° C maka 25 min na 600 W. Ghichaa ihe ahụ na mmiri ultrapure.
GC-MS kpebisiri ike acids (Agilent Technologies, 7820A GC system with 5977 E MSD detector). Dị ka usoro Joseph na Akman70 si dị, 20% BF3 / MeOH ngwọta agbakwunyere na ngwọta KOH nke methanol na fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) nwetara site na nchịkọta ether mgbe esterification gasịrị. Enwere ike mata acid fatty site na iji oge njide ha tụnyere ụkpụrụ ngwakọta 37 FAME (Chemical Lab) ma ọ bụ site n'ịtụle ụdị MS ha na ọba akwụkwọ ntanetị dị ka nchekwa data NIST. A na-eme nyocha nke ọma site n'ịgbakọ mpaghara kacha elu dị ka pasentị nke mkpokọta ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu nke chromatogram.
Emere nyocha data site na iji ngwanrọ JMP Pro 15.1.1 sitere na SAS (Buckinghamshire, UK). Emere nyocha site na iji nyocha otu ụzọ nke ọdịiche nwere ọkwa dị mkpa nke 0.05 yana Tukey's HSD dị ka ule post hoc.
A na-agbakọ ihe na-akpata bioaccumulation (BAF) site n'ịkesa ntinye nke ọla dị arọ na mealworm larval biomass (DM) site na ntinye uche na nri mmiri (DM) 43. BAF karịrị 1 na-egosi na ọla dị arọ na-agbakọta site na nri mmiri dị na larvae.
Ihe ndekọ data ewepụtara na/ma ọ bụ nyochara n'oge ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a dị site n'aka onye edemede kwekọrọ na arịrịọ ezi uche dị na ya.
Ngalaba na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke United Nations, ngalaba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Atụmanya ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa 2019: Isi ihe (ST/ESA/SER.A/423) (2019).
Cole, MB, Augustine, MA, Robertson, MJ, na Maners, JM, Sayensị nchekwa nri. NPJ Sci. Nri 2018, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-018-0021-9 (2018).
Oge nzipu: Dec-25-2024