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Ulimi wa tizilombo ndi njira yomwe ingathe kukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa mapuloteni padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndi ntchito yatsopano kumayiko a Kumadzulo komwe mafunso ambiri amatsalira okhudza ubwino wa mankhwala ndi chitetezo. Tizilombo titha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pazachuma chozungulira posintha ma biowaste kukhala biomass yofunika kwambiri. Pafupifupi theka la chakudya cha nyongolotsi za chakudya chimachokera ku chakudya chonyowa. Izi zitha kupezeka kuchokera ku biowaste, kupangitsa ulimi wa tizilombo kukhala wokhazikika. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kaphatikizidwe ka mphutsi za chakudya (Tenebrio molitor) zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi zowonjezera kuchokera kuzinthu zina. Izi zikuphatikizapo masamba osagulitsidwa, magawo a mbatata, mizu ya chicory yofufumitsa ndi masamba amunda. Imawunikidwa ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwake, mbiri yamafuta acid, mineral ndi heavy metal. Magawo a mbatata omwe amadyetsedwa ndi nyongolotsi anali ndi mafuta awiri komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta acids ndi monounsaturated fatty acids. Kugwiritsa ntchito muzu wa chicory wothira kumawonjezera mchere ndikuwunjikana zitsulo zolemera. Kuonjezera apo, kuyamwa kwa mchere ndi nyongolotsi ya chakudya kumasankha, monga calcium, iron ndi manganese ndende zimawonjezeka. Kuphatikizika kwa zosakaniza zamasamba kapena masamba am'munda pazakudya sikungasinthe kwambiri mbiri yazakudya. Pomaliza, mtsinje wopangidwa ndi mankhwalawo unasinthidwa bwino kukhala puloteni yochuluka, zomwe zili ndi michere ndi bioavailability zomwe zinakhudza mapangidwe a nyongolotsi za chakudya.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu kukuyembekezeka kufika 9.7 biliyoni pofika 20501,2 kuyika kukakamiza pakupanga kwathu chakudya kuti tithane ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa chakudya. Akuti kufunikira kwa chakudya kudzakwera ndi 70-80% pakati pa 2012 ndi 20503,4,5. Zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zikuchepa, zomwe zikuwopseza chilengedwe chathu komanso chakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa biomass kumawonongeka komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kupanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya. Akuti pofika chaka cha 2050, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala padziko lonse kudzafika matani 27 biliyoni, ambiri mwa bio-waste6,7,8. Pothana ndi zovutazi, njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi vutoli, njira zopangira chakudya komanso chitukuko chokhazikika chaulimi ndi machitidwe azakudya zaperekedwa9,10,11. Njira imodzi yotere ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito zotsalira za organic kupanga zinthu monga tizilombo todyedwa monga magwero okhazikika a chakudya ndi feed12,13. Ulimi wa tizilombo umatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera wowonjezera kutentha ndi mpweya wa ammonia, umafuna madzi ochepa kusiyana ndi magwero a mapuloteni achikhalidwe, ndipo ukhoza kupangidwa m'njira zaulimi wokhazikika, zomwe zimafuna malo ochepa14,15,16,17,18,19. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti tizilombo timatha kusintha biowaste yamtengo wapatali kukhala biomass yamtengo wapatali yokhala ndi mapuloteni okhala ndi zinthu zowuma mpaka 70% 20,21,22. Kuphatikiza apo, biomass yotsika mtengo pano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mphamvu, kutayira pansi kapena kukonzanso zinthu zomwe zimagwiranso ntchito ndipo motero sizipikisana ndi gawo lapano lazakudya ndi chakudya23,24,25,26. Mbozi ya chakudya (T. molitor)27 imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yodalirika kwambiri yopangira zakudya zambiri komanso kupanga chakudya. Onse mphutsi ndi akuluakulu amadya zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga tirigu, zinyalala za nyama, masamba, zipatso, etc. 28,29. M'madera akumadzulo, T. molitor amaberekedwa mu ukapolo pang'ono, makamaka ngati chakudya cha ziweto monga mbalame kapena zokwawa. Pakadali pano, kuthekera kwawo pakupanga chakudya ndi chakudya akulandira chidwi kwambiri30,31,32. Mwachitsanzo, T. molitor yavomerezedwa ndi mbiri yatsopano ya chakudya, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe oundana, owuma ndi ufa (Regulation (EU) No 258/97 ndi Regulation (EU) 2015/2283) 33. Komabe, kupanga kwakukulu tizilombo todya ndi kudyetsa akadali lingaliro latsopano m'mayiko a Kumadzulo. Makampaniwa akukumana ndi zovuta monga kusazindikira bwino pazakudya komanso kupanga, zakudya zopatsa thanzi zomwe zimagulitsidwa komaliza, komanso zovuta zachitetezo monga kukwera kwapoizoni komanso kuopsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mosiyana ndi ulimi wa ziweto zakale, ulimi wa tizilombo ulibe mbiri yofanana ndi 17,24,25,34.
Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wambiri wachitika pazakudya za nyongolotsi za chakudya, zomwe zimakhudza kadyedwe kake sizinamvekebe bwino. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo wasonyeza kuti zakudya za tizilombo zingakhale ndi zotsatirapo zake, koma palibe chitsanzo chodziwika bwino chomwe chinapezeka. Kuonjezera apo, maphunzirowa adayang'ana pa mapuloteni ndi lipid zigawo za mphutsi za chakudya, koma anali ndi zotsatira zochepa pamagulu a mchere21,22,32,35,36,37,38,39,40. Kafukufuku wochulukirapo akufunika kuti amvetsetse kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe amchere. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti mphutsi zodyetsera radish zinali ndi mchere wambiri wambiri. Komabe, zotsatirazi ndizochepa pagawo loyesedwa, ndipo kuyesa kwina kwa mafakitale kumafunika41. Kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zolemera (Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg) mu nyongolotsi zachakudya zanenedwa kuti zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zitsulo zomwe zili m'matrix. Ngakhale kuti zitsulo zomwe zimapezeka m'zakudya za nyama zimakhala pansi pa malire alamulo42, arsenic yapezekanso kuti imapanga bioaccumulate mu mphutsi za mealybur, pamene cadmium ndi lead sizimapanga bioaccumulate43. Kumvetsetsa zotsatira za zakudya pazakudya za nyongolotsi zazakudya ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera pazakudya ndi chakudya.
Kafukufuku amene aperekedwa m'nkhani ino akugogomezera kwambiri za mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zaulimi ngati chakudya chonyowa pazakudya za nyongolotsi. Kuwonjezera pa chakudya chouma, chakudya chonyowa chiyeneranso kuperekedwa kwa mphutsi. Gwero la chakudya chonyowa limapereka chinyezi chofunikira komanso limagwiranso ntchito ngati chakudya chowonjezera cha mphutsi za chakudya, kuwonjezeka kwa kukula ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa thupi44,45. Malinga ndi momwe tingalere nyongolotsi za chakudya mu projekiti ya Interreg-Valusect, chakudya chonse cha nyongolotsi chili ndi 57% w/w chakudya chonyowa. Nthawi zambiri, masamba atsopano (mwachitsanzo, kaloti) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chonyowa35,36,42,44,46. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotsika mtengo ngati chakudya chonyowa kudzabweretsa phindu lokhazikika komanso lachuma paulimi wa tizilombo17. Zolinga za kafukufukuyu zinali (1) kufufuza zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito biowaste monga chakudya chonyowa pazakudya za nyongolotsi za chakudya, (2) kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mphutsi za mphutsi za mphutsi zomwe zimaleredwa pa mchere wochuluka wa biowaste kuyesa kuthekera kwa mineral fortification, ndi (3) kuwunika chitetezo cha zinthu izi pa ulimi wa tizilombo popenda kukhalapo ndi kudzikundikira kwa katundu wolemera. zitsulo Pb, Cd ndi Cr. Kafukufukuyu apereka zambiri zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za biowaste supplementation pazakudya za mphutsi za chakudya, kufunikira kwa zakudya komanso chitetezo.
Zowuma zomwe zili mumtsinje wa lateral zinali zapamwamba poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera konyowa kwa michere ya agar. The youma nkhani mu masamba osakaniza ndi masamba masamba anali zosakwana 10%, pamene anali apamwamba mu mbatata cuttings ndi thovu chicory mizu (13.4 ndi 29.9 g/100 magalamu atsopano, FM).
Zosakaniza zamasamba zinali ndi phulusa lopanda mafuta kwambiri, mafuta ndi mapuloteni komanso zotsika zama carbohydrate zomwe sizikhala ndi ulusi kuposa chakudya chowongolera (agar), pomwe ulusi wothira amylase wosalowerera ndale unali wofanana. Zakudya zam'madzi zomwe zili mu magawo a mbatata zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mitsinje yonse yam'mbali ndipo zinali zofanana ndi za agar. Ponseponse, mawonekedwe ake osakanizidwa anali ofanana kwambiri ndi chakudya chowongolera, koma adawonjezeredwa ndi mapuloteni ochepa (4.9%) ndi phulusa lopanda mafuta (2.9%) 47,48. PH ya mbatata imachokera ku 5 mpaka 6, ndipo ndizofunika kudziwa kuti mtsinje wambali wa mbatata uli ndi acidic (4.7). Muzu wa chicory wonyezimira umakhala ndi phulusa ndipo ndi acidic kwambiri pamitsinje yonse yam'mbali. Popeza mizu sinayeretsedwe, phulusa lalikulu likuyembekezeka kukhala ndi mchenga (silika). Masamba a munda anali mankhwala okhawo amchere poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera ndi mitsinje ina yambali. Lili ndi phulusa ndi mapuloteni ambiri komanso ma carbohydrate otsika kwambiri kuposa momwe amawongolera. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi muzu wofufuma wa chicory, koma kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ochuluka (15.0%), omwe amafanana ndi mapuloteni omwe amapezeka mumasamba osakaniza. Kusanthula kwachiwerengero chazomwe zili pamwambazi kunawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakupangika kopanda pake ndi pH ya mitsinje yam'mbali.
Kuphatikizika kwa zosakaniza zamasamba kapena masamba a m'munda ku chakudya cha nyongolotsi sikunakhudze kapangidwe ka mphutsi za mphutsi poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira (Table 1). Kuphatikizikako kudula mbatata kunapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu mu kapangidwe ka biomass poyerekeza ndi gulu lowongolera lomwe limalandira mphutsi za mphutsi ndi magwero ena a chakudya chonyowa. Ponena za mapuloteni opangidwa ndi mphutsi za chakudya, kupatulapo kudula mbatata, kusiyana kofanana ndi mitsinje yam'mbali sikunakhudze mapuloteni a mphutsi. Kudyetsa mbatata cuttings monga gwero la chinyezi kunachititsa kuti kuwirikiza kawiri mafuta zili mphutsi ndi kuchepa zili mapuloteni, chitin, ndi sanali fibrous chakudya. Thovu chicory muzu anawonjezera phulusa zili mphutsi mphutsi ndi kamodzi ndi theka.
Mbiri zamamineral zidawonetsedwa ngati macromineral (Table 2) ndi micronutrient (Table 3) zomwe zili muzakudya zonyowa ndi mphutsi za mphutsi.
Nthawi zambiri, mbali zaulimi zinali zolemera mu macrominerals poyerekeza ndi gulu lowongolera, kupatula zodula mbatata, zomwe zinali ndi Mg, Na ndi Ca otsika. Kuphatikizika kwa potaziyamu kunali kwakukulu m'mbali zonse zambali poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera. Agar ali ndi 3 mg/100 g DM K, pamene K m'mphepete mwa mtsinje umakhala pakati pa 1070 mpaka 9909 mg/100 g DM. Macromineral okhutira mu masamba osakaniza anali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa gulu kulamulira, koma Na zili zochepa kwambiri (88 vs. 111 mg / 100 g DM). Kuphatikizika kwa macromineral muzodulidwa za mbatata kunali kotsikitsitsa pamitsinje yonse. Zomwe zili mu macromineral muzodula za mbatata zinali zotsika kwambiri kuposa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi kuwongolera. Kupatula kuti zokhutira za Mg zinali zofanana ndi gulu lolamulira. Ngakhale kuti muzu wa chicory wofufuma unalibe macrominerals ochuluka kwambiri, phulusa la mtsinje wa m'mbali mwa mtsinjewu linali lalitali kwambiri kuposa mitsinje yonse yam'mbali. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti iwo sanayeretsedwe ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi silika wambiri (mchenga). Zomwe zili mu Na ndi Ca zinali zofanana ndi zamasamba osakaniza. Mizu ya chicory yovunda inali ndi kuchuluka kwa Na kwa mitsinje yonse yam'mbali. Kupatulapo Na, masamba a horticultural anali ndi ma macrominerals apamwamba kwambiri pazakudya zonse zonyowa. Mlingo wa K (9909 mg / 100 g DM) unali wapamwamba kwambiri kuwirikiza katatu kuposa kuwongolera (3 mg/100 g DM) ndi nthawi 2.5 kuposa masamba osakaniza (4057 mg/100 g DM). Zomwe zili mu Ca zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mitsinje yonse yam'mbali (7276 mg/100 g DM), kuwirikiza nthawi 20 kuposa kuwongolera (336 mg/100 g DM) komanso nthawi 14 kuposa kuchuluka kwa Ca mumizu ya chicory chofufumitsa kapena masamba osakaniza (530). ndi 496 mg/100 g DM).
Ngakhale kuti panali kusiyana kwakukulu pazakudya za macromineral (Table 2), palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka mu macromineral amtundu wa mphutsi za chakudya zomwe zimakwezedwa pazosakaniza zamasamba ndikuwongolera zakudya.
Zinyenyeswazi za mbatata zodyetsedwa ndi mphutsi zinali zotsika kwambiri za macrominerals onse poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera, kupatula Na, yomwe inali yofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, kudyetsa mbatata kunachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa macromineral a larval poyerekeza ndi mitsinje ina. Izi zimagwirizana ndi phulusa lotsika lomwe limawonedwa pafupi ndi mapangidwe a nyongolotsi za chakudya. Komabe, ngakhale P ndi K anali apamwamba kwambiri muzakudya zonyowa kuposa zina zam'mbali ndi kuwongolera, mawonekedwe a mphutsi sanawonetse izi. Kuchepa kwa Ca ndi Mg komwe kumapezeka m'matumbo a nyongolotsi kumatha kukhala kogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa Ca ndi Mg komwe kumakhala muzakudya zonyowa.
Kudyetsa mizu ya chicory yofufuma ndi masamba a munda wa zipatso kunapangitsa kuti ma calcium achuluke kwambiri kuposa kuwongolera. Masamba a Orchard anali ndi P, Mg, K ndi Ca wochuluka kwambiri pazakudya zonse zonyowa, koma izi sizinawonetsedwe muzakudya za nyongolotsi. Mphutsizi zinali zotsika kwambiri m'mphutsi zimenezi, pamene Na zinali zambiri m'masamba a m'munda wa zipatso kusiyana ndi zodulidwa za mbatata. Ca kuchulukana kwa mphutsi (66 mg/100 g DM), koma kuchuluka kwa Ca sikunali kokwera kwambiri kuposa komwe kumapangidwa ndi nyongolotsi za chakudya (79 mg/100 g DM) pamayesero a mizu ya chicory yofufumitsa, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa Ca mu zokolola zamasamba Nthawi 14 kuposa muzu wa chicory.
Malingana ndi kaphatikizidwe ka microelement kameneka kameneka kameneka (Table 3), mchere wa mchere wosakaniza wa masamba unali wofanana ndi gulu lolamulira, kupatula kuti chiwerengero cha Mn chinali chochepa kwambiri. Kukhazikika kwa ma microelements onse omwe adawunikidwa kunali kotsika pakudula mbatata poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera ndi zinthu zina. Muzu wa chicory wonyezimira umakhala ndi chitsulo chochulukirapo ka 100, mkuwa wochulukira kanayi, zinki kuwirikiza kawiri komanso pafupifupi manganese wofanana. Zinc ndi manganese zomwe zili m'masamba a mbewu za m'munda zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa gulu lolamulira.
Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa zomwe zili mu mphutsi zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi kuwongolera, masamba osakaniza, ndi zakudya za mbatata zonyowa. Komabe, zomwe zili mu Fe ndi Mn mu mphutsi zomwe zimadyetsa chakudya cha chicory chofufumitsa zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi za mbozi zomwe zimadyetsa gulu lolamulira. Kuwonjezeka kwa zomwe zili mu Fe zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kochulukirachulukira muzakudya zonyowa. Komabe, ngakhale kuti panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu mu kuchuluka kwa Mn pakati pa mizu yovunda ya chicory ndi gulu lolamulira, magulu a Mn adawonjezeka mu mphutsi zomwe zimadyetsa mizu ya chicory yofufumitsa. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti chiwerengero cha Mn chinali chapamwamba (3-fold) muzakudya zamasamba zonyowa zazakudya za horticulture poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera, koma panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakupanga kwa biomass kwa nyongolotsi za chakudya. Kusiyana kokha pakati pa olamulira ndi horticulture masamba anali Cu okhutira, amene anali otsika mu masamba.
Gulu 4 likuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zolemera zomwe zimapezeka m'magawo. Kukula kwakukulu kwa ku Europe kwa Pb, Cd ndi Cr muzakudya zonse zanyama zasinthidwa kukhala mg / 100 g youma ndikuwonjezedwa ku Table 4 kuti athe kufananiza ndi kuchuluka komwe kumapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje47.
Palibe Pb yomwe idapezeka pakuwongolera zakudya zonyowa, zosakaniza zamasamba kapena nsonga za mbatata, pomwe masamba amunda anali 0.002 mg Pb/100 g DM ndi mizu yovunda ya chicory inali ndi 0.041 mg Pb/100 g DM. Kuchuluka kwa C muzakudya zowongolera ndi masamba amunda kunali kofanana (0.023 ndi 0.021 mg/100 g DM), pomwe anali otsika muzosakaniza zamasamba ndi chinangwa cha mbatata (0.004 ndi 0.007 mg/100 g DM). Poyerekeza ndi magawo ena, kuchuluka kwa Cr mumizu ya chicory chofufumitsa kunali kwakukulu kwambiri (0.135 mg/100 g DM) komanso kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kamodzi kuposa chakudya chowongolera. Cd sinadziwike mumayendedwe owongolera kapena mitsinje iliyonse yam'mbali yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Miyezo yokwera kwambiri ya Pb ndi Cr idapezeka mu mphutsi zomwe zimadyetsedwa mumizu ya chicory. Komabe, Cd sinapezeke mu mphutsi za mphutsi za chakudya.
Kuwunika kwabwino kwamafuta amafuta mumafuta osayembekezeka kunachitika kuti adziwe ngati mphutsi zamafuta amtundu wa mphutsi zitha kukhudzidwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana amtsinje omwe adadyetsedwa. Kugawidwa kwa mafutawa akuwonetsedwa mu Table 5. Mafuta acids amalembedwa ndi dzina lawo ndi mawonekedwe a molekyulu (otchedwa "Cx: y", pamene x amafanana ndi chiwerengero cha ma atomu a carbon ndi y ku chiwerengero cha ma bond osatulutsidwa. ).
Mbiri yamafuta amafuta a nyongolotsi zodyetsedwa ndi mbatata zidasinthidwa kwambiri. Zinali ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitic acid (C16: 0), palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), ndi oleic acid (C18: 1). Zosakaniza za pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0), linoleic acid (C18: 2), ndi linolenic acid (C18: 3) zinali zochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mphutsi zina. Poyerekeza ndi mbiri yamafuta ena amafuta, chiŵerengero cha C18:1 mpaka C18:2 chinasinthidwa m’magawo a mbatata. Mphutsi zodyetsera masamba a horticultural zinali ndi pentadecanoic acid yambiri (C15: 0) kuposa momwe nyongolotsi zimadyetsera zakudya zina zonyowa.
Mafuta acids amagawidwa kukhala saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), ndi polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Gulu 5 likuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa magulu amafuta acid awa. Ponseponse, mbiri yamafuta amafuta a nyongolotsi zodyetsedwa za mbatata zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi kuwongolera ndi mitsinje ina yakumbali. Pagulu lililonse lamafuta acid, nyongolotsi zodyetsedwa tchipisi ta mbatata zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi magulu ena onse. Munali ndi SFA ndi MUFA zambiri komanso PUFA yochepa.
Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuchuluka kwa moyo ndi kulemera kwa zokolola zonse za mphutsi zoberekedwa pazigawo zosiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero chonse cha kupulumuka chinali 90%, ndipo kulemera kwa zokolola zonse kunali 974 magalamu. Mphutsi za m'mphuno zimakonza bwinobwino zotsalazo ngati gwero la chakudya chonyowa. Chakudya chonyowa cha nyongolotsi chimaposa theka la chakudya chonsecho (chouma + chonyowa). Kusintha masamba atsopano ndi zakudya zaulimi monga chakudya chonyowa chachikhalidwe kuli ndi phindu pazachuma komanso chilengedwe pa ulimi wa nyongolotsi.
Table 1 limasonyeza kuti zotsalira zazomera zikuchokera mphutsi za chakudya anakulira pa ulamuliro zakudya anali pafupifupi 72% chinyezi, 5% phulusa, 19% zamadzimadzi, 51% mapuloteni, 8% chitin, ndi 18% youma nkhani sanali fibrous chakudya. Izi zikufanana ndi mfundo zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mabuku.48,49 Komabe, zigawo zina zimatha kupezeka m'mabuku, nthawi zambiri kutengera njira yowunikira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, tinagwiritsa ntchito njira ya Kjeldahl kuti tidziwe zomwe zili ndi mapuloteni amtundu wa N mpaka P wa 5.33, pamene ofufuza ena amagwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri cha 6.25 pa zitsanzo za nyama ndi chakudya.50,51
Kuonjezera nyenyeswa za mbatata (chakudya chonyowa chodzaza ndi ma carbohydrate) m'zakudya zidapangitsa kuti mafuta omwe ali m'mphutsi za chakudya achuluke kawiri. Zakudya zama carbohydrate zomwe zili mu mbatata ziyenera kukhala ndi wowuma, pomwe agar amakhala ndi shuga (polysaccharides) 47,48. Kupeza uku kukusiyana ndi kafukufuku wina yemwe adapeza kuti mafuta adatsika pomwe nyongolotsi zimadyetsedwa ndi mbatata zosenda ndi nthunzi zomwe zinali ndi mapuloteni ochepa (10.7%) komanso wowuma wambiri (49.8%) 36. Pamene mafuta a azitona adawonjezeredwa ku zakudya, mapuloteni ndi chakudya cham'mimba zomwe zili m'mphutsi za chakudya zimafanana ndi zakudya zonyowa, pamene mafuta amakhala osasintha35. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti mapuloteni omwe ali ndi mphutsi zomwe zimaleredwa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje zimasintha kwambiri, monga momwe mafuta alili22,37.
Muzu wa chicory wothira udachulukitsa phulusa la mphutsi za mphutsi (Table 1). Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zotsatira za mankhwala opangidwa ndi phulusa ndi mchere wa mphutsi za mphutsi ndizochepa. Maphunziro ambiri odyetserako zakudya amayang'ana kwambiri mafuta ndi mapuloteni omwe ali ndi mphutsi popanda kusanthula phulusa21,35,36,38,39. Komabe, pamene phulusa la mphutsi zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi zinthu zinafufuzidwa, kuwonjezeka kwa phulusa kunapezeka. Mwachitsanzo, kudyetsa zinyalala za nyongolotsi zam'munda kunachulukitsa phulusa kuchokera pa 3.01% mpaka 5.30%, ndipo kuwonjezera zinyalala za mavwende pazakudya kumawonjezera phulusa kuchokera 1.87% mpaka 4.40%.
Ngakhale kuti zakudya zonse zonyowa zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana (Table 1), kusiyana kwa mphutsi za mphutsi zomwe zimadyetsa zakudya zomwe zimanyowa zinali zazing'ono. Ndi mphutsi za mphutsi zokha zomwe zimadyetsa mbatata kapena muzu wofufuma wa chicory zomwe zinawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu. Kufotokozera kumodzi kwa chotsatirachi ndikuti kuwonjezera pa mizu ya chicory, zidutswa za mbatata zidafufuzidwanso pang'ono (pH 4.7, Table 1), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti wowuma / chakudya chigayike / kupezeka ku mphutsi za chakudya. Momwe mphutsi za mphutsi zimapangira lipids kuchokera ku zakudya monga ma carbohydrate ndizosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo ziyenera kufufuzidwa mokwanira m'maphunziro amtsogolo. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wokhudza momwe zakudya zonyowa pH zimakhudzira kukula kwa mphutsi za chakudya zinatsimikizira kuti palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunawonedwa pogwiritsa ntchito agar blocks ndi zakudya zonyowa pa pH ya 3 mpaka 9. Izi zikusonyeza kuti zakudya zonyowa zowonongeka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ku chikhalidwe cha Tenebrio molitor53 . Mofanana ndi Coudron et al.53, zoyesera zowongolera zidagwiritsa ntchito ma agar blocks muzakudya zonyowa zomwe zimaperekedwa chifukwa analibe mchere ndi michere. Kafukufuku wawo sanayang'ane zotsatira za zakudya zonyowa mosiyanasiyana monga masamba kapena mbatata pakusintha digestibility kapena bioavailability. Maphunziro owonjezera pa zotsatira za kupesa kwa zakudya zonyowa pa mphutsi za mphutsi ndizofunikira kuti mufufuze chiphunzitsochi.
Kugawidwa kwa mchere wa biomass wolamulira wa mbozi zopezeka mu phunziroli (Matebulo 2 ndi 3) akufanana ndi ma macro- ndi micronutrients omwe amapezeka m'mabuku48,54,55. Kupereka nyongolotsi zokhala ndi mizu yovunda ya chicory ngati gwero lazakudya zonyowa kumawonjezera mchere wawo. Ngakhale kuti macro- ndi micronutrients ambiri anali apamwamba muzosakaniza zamasamba ndi masamba a m'munda (Table 2 ndi 3), sizinakhudze mchere wamtundu wa nyongolotsi zambewu mofanana ndi mizu ya chicory yofufumitsa. Kufotokozera kumodzi ndikuti michere yomwe ili m'masamba am'munda wamchere sapezeka ndi bioavailable kuposa ina, zakudya zonyowa kwambiri (Table 1). Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adadyetsa mphutsi za mphutsi ndi udzu wofufumitsa wa mpunga ndipo adapeza kuti zidakula bwino m'mbali mwa mtsinjewu ndipo adawonetsanso kuti kusamalidwa kwa gawo lapansi ndi kupesa kumapangitsa kuti michere itengeke. 56 Kugwiritsa ntchito mizu ya chicory yofufumitsa kunachulukitsa Ca, Fe ndi Mn zomwe zili m'gulu la nyongolotsi za chakudya. Ngakhale kuti mbali iyi inalinso ndi mchere wambiri (P, Mg, K, Na, Zn ndi Cu), mcherewu sunali wochuluka kwambiri mumtundu wa nyongolotsi za chakudya poyerekeza ndi kulamulira, kusonyeza kusankha kwa mchere. Kuchulukitsa zomwe zili mu mcherewu muzomera za nyongolotsi za chakudya zimakhala ndi thanzi labwino pazakudya ndi chakudya. Calcium ndi mchere wofunikira womwe umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa neuromuscular komanso njira zambiri zokhala ndi ma enzyme monga kutsekeka kwa magazi, kupanga mafupa ndi mano. 57,58 Kusowa kwa iron ndi vuto lofala m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene, pomwe ana, amayi, ndi okalamba nthawi zambiri samapeza ayironi yokwanira pazakudya zawo. 54 Ngakhale manganese ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'zakudya za anthu ndipo amatenga gawo lalikulu pakugwira ntchito kwa michere yambiri, kudya kwambiri kumatha kukhala kowopsa. Kuchuluka kwa manganese mu nyongolotsi zodyetsedwa muzu wa chicory sikunali kodetsa nkhawa ndipo kunali kofanana ndi kwa nkhuku. 59
Kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zolemera zomwe zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa mtsinje kunali pansi pa miyezo ya ku Ulaya ya chakudya chokwanira cha ziweto. Kusanthula kwazitsulo zolemera za mphutsi za chakudya kunasonyeza kuti ma Pb ndi Cr anali apamwamba kwambiri mu nyongolotsi za chakudya zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi mizu ya chicory chofufumitsa kusiyana ndi gulu lolamulira ndi magawo ena (Table 4). Mizu ya chicory imamera m'nthaka ndipo imadziwika kuti imayamwa zitsulo zolemera, pamene mitsinje ina imachokera ku chakudya cha anthu. Mphutsi zodyetsedwa ndi muzu wa chicory wofufuma zinalinso ndi Pb ndi Cr (Table 4). Zowerengeka za bioaccumulation factor (BAF) zinali 2.66 za Pb ndi 1.14 za Cr, mwachitsanzo zazikulu kuposa 1, kusonyeza kuti nyongolotsi za chakudya zimatha kuunjikira zitsulo zolemera. Pankhani ya Pb, EU imayika kuchuluka kwa Pb kwa 0.10 mg pa kilogalamu ya nyama yatsopano kuti anthu adye61. Pakuwunika kwathu kwa data, kuchuluka kwa Pb komwe kumapezeka mu nyongolotsi zofufumitsa za chicory kunali 0.11 mg/100 g DM. Pamene mtengowo unasinthidwa kukhala chinthu chouma cha 30.8% cha nyongolotsi za chakudya izi, zomwe zili mu Pb zinali 0.034 mg / kg nkhani yatsopano, yomwe inali pansi pa mlingo waukulu wa 0.10 mg / kg. Palibe kuchuluka kwa Cr komwe kumatchulidwa muzakudya zaku Europe. Cr imapezeka kwambiri m'chilengedwe, zakudya ndi zowonjezera zakudya ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi chakudya chofunikira kwa anthu pamlingo wocheperako62,63,64. Kusanthula uku (Table 4) kumasonyeza kuti mphutsi za T. molitor zimatha kudziunjikira zitsulo zolemera pamene zitsulo zolemera zilipo muzakudya. Komabe, milingo ya zitsulo zolemera zomwe zimapezeka muzomera za nyongolotsi mu kafukufukuyu zimawonedwa ngati zotetezeka kuti anthu azidya. Kuwunika pafupipafupi komanso mosamala kumalimbikitsidwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito mitsinje yam'mbali yomwe ingakhale ndi zitsulo zolemera ngati gwero la chakudya chonyowa cha T. molitor.
Mafuta ochuluka kwambiri amtundu wa T. molitor mphutsi anali palmitic acid (C16: 0), oleic acid (C18: 1), ndi linoleic acid (C18: 2) (Table 5), zomwe zimagwirizana ndi maphunziro apitalo. pa T. molitor. Zotsatira zamafuta amtundu wa asidi ndizofanana36,46,50,65. Mbiri yamafuta a T. molitor nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zigawo zisanu zazikulu: oleic acid (C18: 1), palmitic acid (C16: 0), linoleic acid (C18: 2), myristic acid (C14: 0), ndi stearic acid. (C18:0). Oleic acid amanenedwa kukhala mafuta ochuluka kwambiri (30-60%) mu mphutsi za chakudya, kutsatiridwa ndi palmitic acid ndi linoleic acid22,35,38,39. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti mbiri yamafuta amafuta awa imakhudzidwa ndi zakudya za mphutsi za chakudya, koma kusiyana kwake sikutsata zomwe zimafanana ndi zakudya38. Poyerekeza ndi mbiri yamafuta ena amafuta, chiŵerengero cha C18:1–C18:2 mu peeling ya mbatata chimasinthidwa. Zotsatira zofananazo zinapezedwa pakusintha kwamafuta a asidi amtundu wa mphutsi zodyetsedwa ndi ma peelings a mbatata36. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale mbiri yamafuta amafuta amafuta a wormworm angasinthidwe, akadalibe gwero lambiri lamafuta acids omwe alibe mafuta.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuyesa zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito mitsinje inayi yosiyana siyana ya agro-industrial biowaste monga chakudya chonyowa pa kapangidwe ka mphutsi za chakudya. Zotsatira zake zidawunikidwa potengera zakudya za mphutsi. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti zotsalirazo zinasinthidwa bwino kukhala zotsalira za mapuloteni (mapuloteni 40.7-52.3%), omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chakudya ndi chakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zidapangidwa ngati chakudya chonyowa kumakhudzanso thanzi la nyongolotsi zamasamba. Makamaka, kupereka mphutsi zokhala ndi chakudya chochuluka (mwachitsanzo, kudulidwa kwa mbatata) kumawonjezera mafuta omwe ali ndi mafuta ndikusintha mawonekedwe awo a mafuta: mafuta otsika a polyunsaturated mafuta acids ndi apamwamba a saturated ndi monounsaturated mafuta acids, koma osati kuchuluka kwa unsaturated mafuta acids. . Mafuta acids (monounsaturated + polyunsaturated) amalamulirabe. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsanso kuti nyongolotsi za chakudya zimasankha kashiamu, chitsulo ndi manganese kuchokera m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yokhala ndi mchere wambiri. Bioavailability ya mchere ikuwoneka kuti ili ndi gawo lofunikira ndipo maphunziro owonjezera amafunikira kuti mumvetsetse izi. Zitsulo zolemera zomwe zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje zimatha kuwunjikana m'mphutsi. Komabe, kuchuluka komaliza kwa Pb, Cd ndi Cr mu larval biomass kunali pansi pamilingo yovomerezeka, kulola kuti mitsinje yam'mbaliyi igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gwero la chakudya chonyowa.
Mphutsi za Mealworm zinaleredwa ndi Radius (Giel, Belgium) ndi Inagro (Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium) ku Thomas More University of Applied Sciences pa 27 °C ndi 60% chinyezi chogwirizana. Kuchulukana kwa nyongolotsi zokulira m'madzi a aquarium 60 x 40 cm zinali 4.17 worms/cm2 (10,000 mealworms). Mphutsi poyamba ankadyetsedwa 2.1 makilogalamu a tirigu monga chakudya chowuma pa thanki yoweta ndipo kenako amawonjezeredwa ngati pakufunika. Agar blocks adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yowongolera chakudya chonyowa. Kuyambira sabata 4, mitsinje yam'mbali (komanso gwero la chinyezi) idadyetsedwa ngati chakudya chonyowa m'malo mwa agar ad libitum. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowuma m'mphepete mwa mtsinje uliwonse kunakonzedweratu ndikujambulidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha tizilombo tonse pamankhwala. Chakudyacho chimagawidwa mofanana mu terrarium. Mphutsi zimasonkhanitsidwa pamene pupae yoyamba itulukira mu gulu loyesera. Kukolola mphutsi kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito shaker ya 2 mm m'mimba mwake. Kupatulapo kuyesera kwa mbatata. Mbali zazikulu za mbatata zouma zimasiyanitsidwanso ndi kulola mphutsi kukwawa musefa ndi kuzisonkhanitsa mu tray yachitsulo. Kulemera kwathunthu kwa zokolola kumatsimikiziridwa poyesa kulemera kwa zokolola. Kupulumuka kumawerengedwa pogawa kulemera kwa zokolola ndi kulemera kwa mphutsi. Kulemera kwa larval kumatsimikiziridwa posankha mphutsi zosachepera 100 ndikugawa kulemera kwake ndi chiwerengero. Mphutsi zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa zimasowa njala kwa maola 24 kuti zichotse m'matumbo awo asanaunike. Pomaliza, mphutsi zimafufuzidwanso kuti zisiyanitse ndi zotsalazo. Amasungidwa mufiriji ndikusungidwa pa -18 ° C mpaka atafufuzidwa.
Chakudya chowuma chinali chinangwa cha tirigu (Belgian Molens Joye). Nthambi ya tirigu idasefa kale mpaka kukula kwa tinthu kosakwana 2 mm. Kuwonjezera pa chakudya chouma, mphutsi za m'mimba zimafunanso chakudya chonyowa kuti chikhale ndi chinyezi ndi mchere wofunikira ndi nyongolotsi za chakudya. Chakudya chonyowa chimakhala choposa theka la chakudya chonse (chakudya chouma + chonyowa). M'zoyeserera zathu, agar (Brouwland, Belgium, 25 g/l) adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chonyowa chowongolera45. Monga momwe chithunzi 1 chikusonyezera, zokolola zinayi zaulimi zomwe zili ndi michere yosiyanasiyana zinayesedwa ngati chakudya chonyowa cha mphutsi za ufa. Zogulitsa izi ndi monga (a) masamba a kulima nkhaka (Inagro, Belgium), (b) zodula mbatata (Duigny, Belgium), (c) mizu ya chicory yothira (Inagro, Belgium) ndi (d) zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zosagulitsidwa . (Belorta, Belgium). Mtsinje wam'mbali amadulidwa mu zidutswa zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chonyowa cha nyongolotsi.
Zopangira zaulimi monga chakudya chonyowa cha nyongolotsi; (a) masamba a m’munda wa nkhaka, (b) mitengo ya mbatata, (c) mizu ya chikori, (d) masamba osagulitsidwa m’misika ndi (e) midadada ya agar. Monga zowongolera.
Kapangidwe ka chakudya ndi mphutsi za chakudya zidadziwika katatu (n = 3). Kusanthula mwachangu, kapangidwe ka mineral, heavy metal content ndi mafuta acid amawunikidwa. Chitsanzo cha homogenized cha 250 g chinatengedwa kuchokera ku mphutsi zosonkhanitsidwa ndi njala, zouma pa 60 ° C mpaka kulemera kosalekeza, pansi (IKA, Tube mphero 100) ndikusefa kudzera mu sieve ya 1 mm. Zitsanzo zouma zidasindikizidwa muzitsulo zakuda.
The dry matter content (DM) adatsimikiza ndi kuyanika zitsanzo mu uvuni pa 105 ° C kwa maola 24 (Memmert, UF110). Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowuma kunawerengedwa potengera kulemera kwa chitsanzo.
Zomwe zili phulusa (CA) zinatsimikiziridwa ndi kutayika kwakukulu pambuyo pa kuyaka mu ng'anjo ya muffle (Nabertherm, L9/11/SKM) pa 550 ° C kwa maola 4.
Mafuta osakanizidwa kapena kutulutsa diethyl ether (EE) kunkachitidwa ndi petroleum ether (bp 40-60 ° C) pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za Soxhlet. Pafupifupi 10 g ya chitsanzo anayikidwa mu m'zigawo mutu ndi yokutidwa ndi ceramic ubweya kuteteza chitsanzo imfa. Zitsanzo zidatengedwa usiku wonse ndi 150 ml petroleum ether. Chotsitsacho chinakhazikika, zosungunulira za organic zidachotsedwa ndikubwezeredwa ndi evaporation ya rotary (Büchi, R-300) pa 300 mbar ndi 50 °C. Mafuta a lipid kapena ether omwe adatulutsa adaziziritsidwa ndikuyesedwa pamlingo wowunika.
Zomangamanga za crude protein (CP) zinadziwika posanthula nayitrogeni yomwe ilipo mu zitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Kjeldahl BN EN ISO 5983-1 (2005). Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zoyenera za N mpaka P kuti muwerengere kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni. Pa chakudya chowuma chokhazikika (mbewu ya tirigu) gwiritsani ntchito 6.25. Kwa mtsinje wam'mbali, gawo la 4.2366 limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo pazosakaniza zamasamba, 4.3967 imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mapuloteni amtundu wa mphutsi anawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito N mpaka P factor ya 5.3351.
Zomwe zili ndi fiber zinaphatikizapo kutsimikiza kwa neutral detergent fiber (NDF) zochokera ku Gerhardt extraction protocol (manual fiber analysis in matumba, Gerhardt, Germany) ndi njira ya van Soest 68. Pofuna kutsimikiza kwa NDF, chitsanzo cha 1 g chinayikidwa mu thumba lapadera la fiber (Gerhardt, ADF / NDF bag) ndi galasi la galasi. Matumba a ulusi wodzazidwa ndi zitsanzo poyamba amadetsedwa ndi mafuta a petroleum ether (malo otentha 40-60 ° C) ndiyeno amawumitsa kutentha. Chitsanzo chodetsedwacho chinachotsedwa ndi njira yosalowerera ndale ya fiber detergent yomwe imakhala ndi kutentha kwa α-amylase pa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa 1.5 h. Zitsanzozi zimatsukidwa katatu ndi madzi otentha osakanizidwa ndikuwumitsa pa 105 ° C usiku wonse. Matumba owuma a fiber (omwe ali ndi zotsalira za fiber) adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito analytical balance (Sartorius, P224-1S) ndipo kenako anawotchedwa mu ng'anjo yamoto (Nabertherm, L9 / 11 / SKM) pa 550 ° C kwa maola 4. Phulusalo linayesedwanso ndipo zomwe zili ndi fiber zinawerengedwa potengera kulemera kwapakati pa kuyanika ndi kuyaka kwa chitsanzo.
Kuti tidziwe za chitin cha mphutsi, tinagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yosinthidwa yochokera ku crude fiber analysis ndi van Soest 68. Chitsanzo cha 1 g chinayikidwa mu thumba lapadera la fiber (Gerhardt, CF Bag) ndi chisindikizo cha galasi. Zitsanzozo zinali zodzaza m'matumba a fiber, zowonongeka mu petroleum ether (c. 40-60 ° C) ndi zouma mpweya. Chitsanzo chodetsedwa chinatulutsidwa koyamba ndi yankho la acidic la 0.13 M sulfuric acid pa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa 30 min. The m'zigawo CHIKWANGWANI thumba munali chitsanzo anatsuka katatu ndi otentha deionized madzi ndiyeno yotengedwa ndi 0,23 M potaziyamu hydroxide njira 2 h. Thumba la m'zigawo za fiber lomwe linali ndi chitsanzocho linatsukidwanso katatu ndi madzi otentha a deionized ndikuwumitsa pa 105 ° C usiku wonse. Thumba louma lomwe linali ndi zotsalira za ulusi lidayezedwa pamlingo wowunikira ndikuwotchedwa mung'anjo yamoto pa 550 ° C kwa maola 4. Phulusa lidayezedwa ndipo zomwe zili ndi fiber zidawerengedwa potengera kulemera kwachitsanzo chotenthedwa.
Ma carbohydrate onse adawerengedwa. Kuphatikizika kwa ma carbohydrate a non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) m'zakudya kunawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa NDF, ndipo kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kumawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa chitin.
PH ya matrix idatsimikiziridwa pambuyo pochotsa ndi madzi opangidwa ndi deionized (1: 5 v / v) malinga ndi NBN EN 15933.
Zitsanzo zidakonzedwa monga momwe Broeckx et al. Mbiri zamamineral zidatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito ICP-OES (Optima 4300™ DV ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, MA, USA).
The heavy metals Cd, Cr ndi Pb adawunikidwa ndi graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Thermo Scientific, ICE 3000 series, yokhala ndi GFS ng'anjo autosampler). Pafupifupi 200 mg ya zitsanzo idagayidwa mu acidic HNO3/HCl (1:3 v/v) pogwiritsa ntchito ma microwaves (CEM, MARS 5). Kusungunuka kwa microwave kunachitidwa pa 190 ° C kwa mphindi 25 pa 600 W. Sungunulani chotsitsacho ndi madzi a ultrapure.
Mafuta acids adatsimikiziridwa ndi GC-MS (Agilent Technologies, 7820A GC system yokhala ndi 5977 E MSD detector). Malinga ndi njira ya Joseph ndi Akman70, yankho la 20% BF3 / MeOH linawonjezeredwa ku njira ya methanolic KOH ndi mafuta a asidi a methyl ester (FAME) adapezedwa kuchokera ku ether extract pambuyo pa esterification. Mafuta acids amatha kudziwika poyerekezera nthawi zosungirako ndi 37 FAME zosakaniza (Chemical Lab) kapena poyerekezera mawonekedwe awo a MS ndi malaibulale apa intaneti monga nkhokwe ya NIST. Kusanthula koyenera kumachitika powerengera malo omwe ali pachimake ngati gawo lalikulu la chromatogram.
Kusanthula deta kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya JMP Pro 15.1.1 yochokera ku SAS (Buckinghamshire, UK). Kuunikira kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yowunikira kusiyana komwe kuli ndi mulingo wofunikira wa 0.05 ndi Tukey's HSD ngati mayeso a post hoc.
The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) inawerengedwa pogawaniza zitsulo zolemera mu mealworm larval biomass (DM) ndi ndende mu chakudya chonyowa (DM) 43. BAF yoposa 1 ikuwonetsa kuti zitsulo zolemera zimaunjikana kuchokera ku chakudya chonyowa mu mphutsi.
Zolemba zomwe zapangidwa ndi/kapena zowunikidwa pa kafukufuku wapano zikupezeka kuchokera kwa wolemba yemwe akugwirizana nazo pa pempho loyenera.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Chiyembekezo cha Chiwerengero cha Anthu Padziko Lonse 2019: Zowunikira (ST/ESA/SER.A/423) (2019).
Cole, MB, Augustine, MA, Robertson, MJ, ndi Manners, JM. NPJ Sci. Chakudya 2018, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-018-0021-9 (2018).
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-25-2024