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Nhunzi yemusoja mutema (Hermetia illucens, L. 1758) ipembenene inoparadza ine simba guru rekushandisa carbohydrate-rich organic by-products. Pakati pemakabhohaidhiretsi, musoja mutema anobhururuka anovimba neshuga inonyungudika yekukura uye lipid synthesis. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora mhedzisiro yeshuga dzinonyungudika pakukura, kurarama, uye fatty acid profile yenhunzi dzevarwi vatema. Wedzera chikafu chehuku ne monosaccharides uye disaccharides zvakasiyana. Cellulose yakashandiswa sekutonga. Makonye akadyisa glucose, fructose, sucrose, uye maltose akakura nekukurumidza kupfuura kudzora makonye. Kusiyana neizvi, lactose yakave neantinutritional effect pamakonye, ichideredza kukura uye kuderedza uremu hwekupedzisira hwemunhu. Nekudaro, shuga dzese dzakanyungudika dzakaita kuti makonye afuta kupfuura ayo aidyisa kudya kwekutonga. Zvinonyanya kukosha, mashuga akaedzwa akaumba iyo fatty acid profile. Maltose uye sucrose yakawedzera iyo yakazara fatty acid yemukati kana ichienzaniswa neselulosi. Kusiyana neizvi, lactose yakawedzera bioaccumulation yezvokudya unsaturated fatty acids. Chidzidzo ichi ndicho chekutanga kuratidza mashandiro eshuga yakanyungudika pamafuta ane acid ekuumbwa kwevatema musoja nhunzi. Mhedzisiro yedu inoratidza kuti macarbohydrates akaedzwa ane mhedzisiro yakakura pakuumbwa kweadhidhi yeadhi yevatema musoja nhunzi dzinobhururuka uye nekudaro vanogona kusarudza yavo yekupedzisira.
Kudiwa kwepasirese kwesimba uye mapuroteni emhuka kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera1. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekudziya kwepasirese, zvakakosha kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzakasvibira kune simba refossil uye nzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzira chikafu uchiwedzera kugadzirwa. Zvipembenene zviri kuvimbisa vanoda kugadzirisa nyaya idzi nekuda kwekushomeka kwadzo kemikari pamwe nekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza zvichienzaniswa nekupfuya kwechinyakare2. Pakati pezvipembenene, munhu akanakisisa wekugadzirisa nyaya idzi ndeye black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (L. 1758), mhuka inoparadza inokwanisa kudya pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwepasi3. Naizvozvo, kusimbaradza aya ma substrates kuburikidza neBSF kupfuya kunogona kugadzira sosi nyowani yezvigadzirwa kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvemaindasitiri akasiyana.
BSF larvae (BSFL) inogona kudya pane zvekurima uye zvekurima-maindasitiri by-zvigadzirwa zvakaita sezviyo zvevanobika doro, masara emiriwo, pulp yemichero uye chingwa chakasakara, izvo zvakanyanya kukodzera kukura kweBSFL nekuda kwekukwira kwavo carbohydrate (CH) 4,5, 6 zvemukati. Kugadzirwa kwakakura kweBSFL kunoguma nekuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zviviri: tsvina, musanganiswa we substrate residues uye tsvina inogona kushandiswa sefetereza yekurima chirimwa7, uye mhute, iyo inonyanya kuumbwa nemapuroteni, lipids uye chitin. Mapuroteni uye lipids anonyanya kushandiswa mukurima zvipfuwo, biofuel uye cosmetics8,9. Kana iri chitin, iyi biopolymer inowana zvikumbiro muchikamu chezvekudya, biotechnology uye hutano hwehutano10.
BSF chipembenene chinozvimiririra cheholometabolous, zvichireva kuti metamorphosis uye kubereka, kunyanya nhanho dzinopedza simba dzehupenyu hwetumbuyu, inogona kutsigirwa zvizere nemafuta anochengeterwa anogadzirwa panguva yekukura kwegonye11. Kunyanya, mapuroteni uye lipid synthesis inotungamira mukukudziridzwa kwemuviri wemafuta, chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedza chinoburitsa simba panguva isiri-yekudya yeBSF: prepupa (kureva, iyo yekupedzisira nhanho yeburwa panguva iyo BSF mhunga inoshanduka dema panguva yekudyisa nekutsvaga. nokuda kwemhoteredzo inokodzera kushanduka-shanduka), pupae (kureva, nhanho isina-motile panguva iyo chipembenene chinopinda metamorphosis), uye vanhu vakuru12,13. CH ndiyo yakanyanya simba sosi mukudya kweBSF14. Pakati peizvi zvinovaka muviri, fibrous CH yakadai sehemicellulose, cellulose uye lignin, kusiyana ne disaccharides uye polysaccharides (yakadai se starch), haigoni kudyiwa neBSFL15,16. Digestion yeCH idanho rakakosha rekutanga rekutorwa kwemakhahydrates, ayo anozopedzisira ave hydrolyzed kune nyore shuga mumatumbo16. Mashuga ari nyore anogona kubva abatwa (kureva, kuburikidza nemudumbu peritrophic membrane) uye metabolized kubudisa simba17. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, makonye anochengeta simba rakawandisa semafuta ari mumuviri wemafuta12,18. Iyo lipids yekuchengetera ine triglycerides (neutral lipids inoumbwa kubva kune imwe glycerol molecule uye matatu mafuta acids) akagadzirwa nemakonye kubva mukudya nyore shuga. Aya CH anopa acetyl-CoA substrates inodiwa kune fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis kuburikidza nemafuta acid synthase uye thioesterase nzira19. Iyo fatty acid profile yeH. illucens lipids inowanzotungamirirwa nesaturated fatty acids (SFA) ine chikamu chikuru che lauric acid (C12: 0) 19,20. Naizvozvo, iyo yakakwira lipid yemukati uye fatty acid kuumbwa zviri kukurumidza kuita zvinomisa zvinhu zvekushandiswa kwegonye rese mukudya kwemhuka, kunyanya mune aquaculture panodiwa polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)21.
Kubva pakawanikwa mukana weBSFL kuderedza marara, zvidzidzo pamusoro pekukosha kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaratidza kuti kuumbwa kweBSFL kune chikamu chinodzorwa nekudya kwayo. Parizvino, mutemo weFA profile yeH. illucens inoramba ichivandudza. Kugona kweBSFL kuita bioaccumulate PUFA kwakaratidzwa paPUFA-rich substrates yakadai sealgae, tsvina yehove, kana kudya kwakadai seflaxseed, iyo inopa hutano hwepamusoro hweFA hwekudya kwemhuka19,22,23. Kusiyana neizvi, kune-zvigadzirwa zvisina kupfumiswa muPUFA, hapasi nguva dzose kuwirirana pakati pezvokudya zve FA profiles uye FA larval, zvichiratidza simba rezvimwe zvinovaka muviri24,25. Muchokwadi, mhedzisiro ye digestible CH paFA profiles inoramba isinganzwisisike uye isina kutsvagirwa24,25,26,27.
Kune zvakanakisisa zvatinoziva, kunyange zvazvo monosaccharides yose uye disaccharides yakawanda mukudya kweH. illucens, basa ravo rekudya rinoramba richiri kunzwisiswa muH. ilucens kudya. Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekujekesa mhedzisiro yavo paBSFL chikafu uye lipid kuumbwa. Tichaongorora kukura, kurarama, uye kubereka kwegonye pasi pemamiriro akasiyana ekudya. Zvadaro, isu tichatsanangura iyo lipid yemukati uye fatty acid mbiri yekudya kwega kwega kuratidza mhedzisiro yeCH pane BSFL hutano hwehutano.
Isu takafungidzira kuti hunhu hweiyo yakaedzwa CH yaizokanganisa (1) kukura kwelarval, (2) yakazara lipid mazinga, uye (3) modulate FA mbiri. Monosaccharides inogona kunyudzwa zvakananga, nepo ma disaccharides achifanirwa kunge ari hydrolyzed. Mamonosaccharides saka anowanikwa zvakanyanya seakananga masimba masosi kana precursors ye lipogenesis kuburikidza neFA synthase uye thioesterase nzira, nekudaro inosimudzira H. illucens kukura kwelarva uye kusimudzira kuunganidzwa kwereserve lipids (kunyanya lauric acid).
Iyo yakaedzwa CH yakabata chiyero chehuremu hwehuremu panguva yekukura (Fig. 1). FRU, GLU, SUC uye MAL yakawedzera huremu hwehuremu zvakafanana nekudya kwekutonga (CEL). Kusiyana neizvi, LAC neGAL dzakaratidza kudzoreredza kukura kwegonye. Zvinonyanya kukosha, LAC yakave nemigumisiro yakaipa pakukura kwelarval ichienzaniswa neSUC munguva yose yekukura: 9.16 ± 1.10 mg inopesana ne15.00 ± 1.01 mg pazuva 3 (F6,21 = 12.77, p <0.001; Fig. 1), 125.12 ± 125.11 mg mg uye 211.79 ± 14.93 mg, maererano, pazuva 17 (F6,21 = 38.57, p <0.001; Fig. 1).
Kushandisa akasiyana monosaccharides (fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), glucose (GLU)), disaccharides (lactose (LAC), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC)) uye cellulose (CEL) sekutonga. Kukura kwemakonye anodyiswa nemusoja mutema. Nheyo imwe neimwe pa curve inomiririra huremu hwemunhu wega (mg) akaverengerwa nekuyera 20 magonye akasarudzika kubva muhuwandu hwe100 magonye (n = 4). Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra SD.
Chikafu cheCEL chakapa hupenyu hwakanaka hwemalarva hwe95.5 ± 3.8%. Uyezve, kupona kweH. illucens zvokudya zvakadyiswa zvine soluble CH zvakaderedzwa (GLM: χ = 107.13, df = 21, p <0.001), iyo yakakonzerwa neMAL uye SUC (disaccharides) mune yakadzidza CH. Kufa kwaive kwakaderera pane kweGLU, FRU, GAL (monosaccharide), uye LAC (EMM: p <0.001, Mufananidzo 2).
Boxplot yekupona kwemasoja edema anobhururuka mapere akabatwa neakasiyana monosaccharides (fructose, galactose, glucose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) uye cellulose sekutonga. Mishonga ine tsamba imwechete haina kunyanya kusiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe (EMM, p> 0.05).
Kudya kwese kwakaedzwa kwakabvumira makonye kusvika padanho rekutanga. Nekudaro, maCH akaedzwa aiwanzorebesa kukura kwelarval (F6,21=9.60, p<0.001; Tafura 1). Kunyanya, makonye akadyiswa GAL neLAC akatora nguva yakareba kuti asvike padanho rekutanga kana achienzaniswa nemakonye akarerwa paCEL (CEL-GAL: p<0.001; CEL-LAC: p<0.001; Tafura 1).
Iyo yakaedzwa CH yaivewo nemhedzisiro yakasiyana pahuremu hwemuviri, nehuremu hwemakonye hwakadyisa kudya kweCEL kunosvika 180.19 ± 11.35 mg (F6,21 = 16.86, p <0.001; Fig. 3). FRU, GLU, MAL uye SUC yakaguma neavhareji yekupedzisira yehuremu hwemuviri huremu hunodarika 200 mg, iyo yaive yakanyanya kukwirira kupfuura yeCEL (p <0.05). Kusiyana neizvi, zvipembenene zvakadyisa GAL neLAC zvaive nezviremu zvemuviri zvakaderera, zvinokwana 177.64 ± 4.23 mg uye 156.30 ± 2.59 mg, maererano (p <0.05). Izvi zvainyanya kutaurwa neLAC, apo uremu hwekupedzisira hwemuviri hwakanga hwakaderera pane nekudya kwekudzora (CEL-LAC: musiyano = 23.89 mg; p = 0.03; Mufananidzo 3).
Zvinoreva huremu hwekupedzisira hwemakonye ega ega anoratidzwa semaparavara (mg) uye nhunzi nhema dzevarwi dzinoratidzwa se histogram (g) dzakadyisa akasiyana monosaccharides (fructose, galactose, glucose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) uye cellulose (sekutonga). Mavara eColumnar anomiririra mapoka akasiyana zvakanyanya muhuremu hwehuremu hwese (p <0.001). Mavara ane hukama nemavara anomiririra mapoka ane huremu hwakasiyana hwakasiyana (p <0.001). Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra SD.
Huremu hwehuremu hwemunhu hwaive hwakasununguka kubva pahuremu hwekupedzisira hwemakonye. Muchokwadi, madyiro ane FRU, GLU, MAL, uye SUC haana kuwedzera huremu hwakazara hwakagadzirwa mutangi zvichienzaniswa neCEL (Mufananidzo 3). Zvisinei, LAC yakaderera zvakanyanya kurema (CEL-LAC: musiyano = 9.14 g; p <0.001; Mufananidzo 3).
Tafura 1 inoratidza goho (makonye/zuva). Sezvineiwo, zvibereko zvakakwana zveCEL, MAL uye SUC zvaive zvakafanana (Tafura 1). Kusiyana neizvi, FRU, GAL, GLU neLAC yakaderedza goho richienzaniswa neCEL (Table 1). GAL neLAC yakaita zvakaipisisa: goho rakaderedzwa kusvika ku 0.51 ± 0.09 g gonye chete / zuva uye 0.48 ± 0.06 g makonye / zuva, zvichienderana (Tafura 1).
Monosaccharides uye disaccharides yakawedzera lipid yemukati yeCF marvae (Tafura 1). Pakudya kweCLE, zvipembenene zvine lipid content ye23.19 ± 0.70% yeDM content yakawanikwa. Kuenzanisa, avhareji lipid yemukati mumakonye akadyiswa neshuga yakanyungudika yaipfuura 30% (Tafura 1). Zvisinei, maCH akaedzwa akawedzera mafuta avo kusvika pamwero wakafanana.
Sezvaitarisirwa, zvidzidzo zveCG zvakakanganisa FA profile yezvipembenene kune zvakasiyana-siyana (Fig. 4). Iyo SFA yemukati yaive yakakwira mukudya kwese uye yakasvika kupfuura 60%. MAL uye SUC haina kuenzanisa iyo FA mbiri, izvo zvakakonzera kuwedzera kweiyo SFA yemukati. Munyaya yeMAL, kune rumwe rutivi, kusaenzana uku kwakatungamirira kunyanya kuderera kwezvinyorwa zve monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (F6,21 = 7.47; p <0.001; Fig. 4). Kune rimwe divi, kune SUC, kudzikira kwakawedzera yunifomu pakati peMUFA nePUFA. LAC neMAL zvaive nemhedzisiro inopesana paFA spectrum (SFA: F6,21 = 8.74; p <0.001; MUFA: F6,21 = 7.47; p <0.001; PUFA: χ2 = 19.60; Df = 6; p <0.001; Mufananidzo 4). Iyo yakaderera chikamu cheSFA muLAC-inodyiswa makonye inoita seinowedzera MUFA zvirimo. Kunyanya, mazinga eMUFA akanga akakwirira muLAC-yakadyiswa mhute ichienzaniswa nemamwe mashuga akanyunguduka kunze kweGAL (F6,21 = 7.47; p <0.001; Mufananidzo 4).
Kushandisa akasiyana monosaccharides (fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), glucose (GLU)), disaccharides (lactose (LAC), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC)) uye cellulose (CEL) sekutonga, bhokisi rekuisa mafuta acid. kuumbwa kunodyiswa musoja mutema nhunzi. Mibairo inotaridzwa sechikamu cheFAME yese. Kurapa kwakanyorwa nemavara akasiyana kwakasiyana zvakanyanya (p <0.001). (a) Chikamu chemafuta akazara acids; (b) Monounsaturated fatty acids; (c) Polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Pakati pezvakaonekwa fatty acids, lauric acid (C12: 0) yakanga yakanyanya mune zvose zvakaonekwa spectra (kupfuura 40%). Mamwe maSFA aripo aive palmitic acid (C16: 0) (pasi pe10%), stearic acid (C18: 0) (pasi pe2.5%) uye capric acid (C10: 0) (pasi pe1.5%). MUFAs ainyanya kumiririrwa neoleic acid (C18: 1n9) (pasi pe9.5%), nepo PUFAs yainyanya kuumbwa ne linoleic acid (C18: 2n6) (pasi pe13.0%) (ona Supplementary Table S1). Mukuwedzera, chikamu chiduku chemakemikari hachina kukwanisa kuonekwa, kunyanya muhutano hweCEL larvae, apo nhamba isingazivikanwi nhamba ye9 (UND9) yakaverengera avhareji ye2.46 ± 0.52% (ona Supplementary Table S1). Ongororo yeGC × GC-FID yakaratidza kuti inogona kunge iri 20-carbon fatty acid ine mashanu kana matanhatu mabhondi maviri (ona Supplementary Figure S5).
Kuongorora kwePERMANOVA kwakaratidza mapoka matatu akasiyana-siyana akavakirwa pamafuta acid profiles (F6,21 = 7.79, p <0.001; Mufananidzo 5). Principal component analysis (PCA) yeTBC spectrum inoratidza izvi uye inotsanangurwa nezvikamu zviviri (Mufananidzo 5). Zvikamu zvikuru zvakatsanangura 57.9% yekusiyana uye zvakasanganisira, maererano nekukosha, lauric acid (C12: 0), oleic acid (C18: 1n9), palmitic acid (C16: 0), stearic acid (C18: 0), uye linolenic acid (C18: 3n3) (ona Mufananidzo S4). Chikamu chechipiri chakatsanangura 26.3% yekusiyana uye yakabatanidzwa, maererano nekukosha, decanoic acid (C10: 0) uye linoleic acid (C18: 2n6 cis) (ona Supplementary Figure S4). Maprofiles ezvikafu zvine shuga yakapfava (FRU, GAL uye GLU) yakaratidza hunhu hwakafanana. Mukupesana, ma disaccharides akaburitsa akasiyana profiles: MAL neSUC kune rimwe ruoko uye LAC kune rimwe. Kunyanya, MAL ndiyo yega shuga yakachinja FA profile kana ichienzaniswa neCEL. Mukuwedzera, iyo MAL mbiri yakanga yakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune FRU uye GLU profiles. Kunyanya, iyo MAL mbiri yakaratidza chikamu chepamusoro cheC12: 0 (54.59 ± 2.17%), zvichiita kuti ienzaniswe neCEL (43.10 ± 5.01%), LAC (43.35 ± 1.31%), FRU (48.90 ± 1.97%) uye GLU (48.38 ± 2.17%) profiles (ona Supplementary Tafura S1). Iyo MAL spectrum yakaratidzawo yakaderera C18: 1n9 yemukati (9.52 ± 0.50%), iyo yakawedzera kuisiyanisa kubva kuLAC (12.86 ± 0.52%) uye CEL (12.40 ± 1.31%) spectra. Chimiro chakafanana chakacherechedzwa kuC16: 0. Muchikamu chechipiri, iyo LAC spectrum yakaratidza yepamusoro yeC18: 2n6 zvinyorwa (17.22 ± 0.46%), nepo MAL yakaratidza yakaderera (12.58 ± 0.67%). C18: 2n6 yakasiyanisawo LAC kubva pakutonga (CEL), iyo yakaratidza mazinga akaderera (13.41 ± 2.48%) (ona Supplementary Table S1).
PCA chirongwa chemafuta acid profile yevatema musoja anobhururuka manyoka ane akasiyana monosaccharides (fructose, galactose, glucose), disaccharides (lactose, maltose, sucrose) uye cellulose sekutonga.
Kudzidza zvinovaka muviri zvinokonzerwa neshuga yakanyungudika paH. illucens larvae, cellulose (CEL) mukudya kwehuku yakatsiviwa neglucose (GLU), fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC), uye lactose (LAC). Nekudaro, mamonosaccharides uye ma disaccharides aive nemhedzisiro dzakasiyana pakukura, kurarama, uye kuumbwa kweHF mhunga. Semuenzaniso, GLU, FRU, uye mafomu avo e-disaccharide (MAL neSUC) vakashandisa tsigiro yakanaka pakukura kwegonye, zvichivabvumira kuwana huremu hwekupedzisira hwekupedzisira kupfuura CEL. Kusiyana ne indigestible CEL, GLU, FRU, uye SUC inogona kunzvenga chipingamupinyi chemukati uye inoshanda seyakakosha maturu ekudya mukudya kwakagadzirwa16,28. MAL inoshaya vatakuri vemhuka uye inofungidzirwa kuve hydrolyzed kune maviri glucose mamorekuru isati yaitwa15. Aya mamorekuru anochengetwa mumuviri wezvipembenene seyakananga simba sosi kana se lipids18. Kutanga, maererano neyokupedzisira, kumwe kucherechedzwa kwemukati memusiyano kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusiyana kudiki muhuwandu hwepabonde. Chokwadi, muH. illucens, kuberekana kunogona kungoitika zvega: vakadzi vakuru vane pokugara vane matura ekukandira mazai akakwana uye vanorema kudarika varume29. Nekudaro, kuunganidza lipid muBSFL inopindirana nekudya soluble CH2 kudya, sezvakambocherechedzwa kune GLU uye xylose26,30. Semuyenzaniso, Li et al.30 akacherechedza kuti apo 8% GLU yakawedzerwa pakudya kwegorofu, iyo lipid content yeBSF mafungu yakawedzera ne7.78% kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga. Zvigumisiro zvedu zvinopindirana nekucherechedza izvi, zvichiratidza kuti mafuta ari muhutu akadyisa shuga yakanyunguduka akanga akakwirira kupfuura aya emakonye akadyisa kudya kweCEL, zvichienzaniswa ne8.57% kuwedzera neGLU supplementation. Zvinoshamisa kuti mhedzisiro yakafanana yakaonekwa mumakonye akadyiswa GAL neLAC, zvisinei nemhedzisiro yakaipa pakukura kwegonye, uremu hwekupedzisira hwemuviri, uye kurarama. Makonye akadyiswa LAC aive madiki zvakanyanya pane ayo aidyiswa chikafu cheCEL, asi mafuta awo aive akafanana nemakonye akadyisa imwe shuga inonyungudika. Mhedzisiro iyi inoburitsa mhedzisiro yelactose paBSFL. Kutanga, kudya kune huwandu hwakawanda hweCH. Iyo yekunyudza uye hydrolysis masisitimu emamonosaccharides uye disaccharides, zvichiteerana, inogona kusvika pakuzara, zvichikonzera mabhodhoro mukuita kwekufananidza. Kana iri hydrolysis, inoitwa ne α- uye β-glucosidases 31. Aya ma enzymes akada substrates zvichienderana nehukuru hwavo uye zvisungo zvemakemikari (α kana β linkages) pakati pezvinoumba monosaccharides 15. Hydrolysis yeLAC kuGLU uye GAL inoitwa ne β-galactosidase, enzyme iyo basa rakaratidzwa mumatumbo eBSF 32. Zvisinei, kutaura kwayo kunogona kunge kusina kukwana kana ichienzaniswa nehuwandu hweLAC inopedzwa nemhou. Kusiyana neizvi, α-glucosidase maltase uye sucrase 15, iyo inozivikanwa kuva yakawanda inoratidzirwa muzvipembenene, inokwanisa kuputsa huwandu hwakawanda hweMAL uye sucrose SUC, nokudaro kuderedza izvi zvinogutsa. Chechipiri, mhedzisiro yekuenderera mberi inogona kunge yakakonzerwa nekudzikiswa kwekukurudzira kwetumbuyu intestinal amylase chiitiko uye kunonoka kwemaitiro ekudyisa zvichienzaniswa nemamwe marapirwo. Zvechokwadi, shuga yakanyunguduka yakave yakaonekwa sekusimudzira kwekuita kwe enzyme kwakakosha pakudya kwezvipembenene, zvakadai seamylase, uye sezvinokonzera mhinduro yekudya33,34,35. Dhigirii yekukurudzira inosiyana zvichienderana neiyo molecular chimiro cheshuga. Muchokwadi, ma disaccharides anoda hydrolysis isati yatorwa uye anowanzo kurudzira amylase kupfuura yavo inoumba monosaccharides34. Kusiyana neizvi, LAC ine hunyoro hunoita uye yakawanikwa isingakwanisi kutsigira kukura kwezvipembenene mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana33,35. Semuyenzaniso, mune inoparadza Spodoptera exigua (Boddie 1850), hapana hydrolytic chiitiko cheLAC chakaonekwa mune zvakatorwa zvecaterpillar midgut enzymes36.
Nezve iyo FA spectrum, mhedzisiro yedu inoratidza akakosha modulatory mhedzisiro yeyakaedzwa CH. Zvinonyanya kukosha, kunyange zvazvo lauric acid (C12: 0) yakaverengera pasi pe1% ye FA yose mukudya, yakatonga mumaprofiles ose (ona Supplementary Table S1). Izvi zvinoenderana neyakapfuura data iyo lauric acid inogadzirwa kubva mukudya CH muH. illucens kuburikidza nenzira inosanganisira acetyl-CoA carboxylase uye FA synthase19,27,37. Mhedzisiro yedu inosimbisa kuti CEL inonyanya kusagadzika uye inoita se "mushonga unorema" muBSF yekudzora kudya, sezvakakurukurwa mune akati wandei BSFL zvidzidzo38,39,40. Kutsiva CEL ne monosaccharides uye disaccharides kunze kweLAC yakawedzera chiyero cheC12: 0, zvichiratidza kuwedzera CH kutorwa nemhou. Sezvineiwo, iyo disaccharides MAL uye SUC inosimudzira lauric acid synthesis zvakanyanya kupfuura yavo inoumba monosaccharides, zvichiratidza kuti kunyangwe iyo yepamusoro dhigirii yepolymerization yeGLU neFRU, uye sezvo Drosophila ndiyo yega sucrose transporter yakaonekwa mumhuka mapuroteni marudzi, disaccharide vatakuri. inogona kunge isipo muura hweH. illucens larvae15, kushandiswa kwe GLU uye FRU inowedzera. Nekudaro, kunyangwe GLU neFRU zvichitepfenyurwa zviri nyore kugadzirwa neBSF, zvakare zvakareruka nyore metabolized ne substrates uye gut microorganisms, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kushatisa kwavo nekukurumidza uye kuderera kwekushandiswa nemakonye zvichienzaniswa nema disaccharides.
Pakutanga kuona, iyo lipid yemukati yemakonye akadyiswa LAC neMAL yakanga yakafanana, ichiratidza kufanana kwakafanana bioavailability yeshuga idzi. Nekudaro, zvinoshamisa, iyo FA mbiri yeLAC yaive yakapfuma muSFA, kunyanya ine yakaderera C12: 0 zvemukati, zvichienzaniswa neMAL. Imwe pfungwa yekutsanangura mutsauko uyu ndeyekuti LAC inogona kukurudzira bioaccumulation yekudya FA kuburikidza neacetyl-CoA FA synthase. Tichitsigira pfungwa iyi, LAC mhunga yaive neiyo yakaderera decanoate (C10: 0) reshiyo (0.77 ± 0.13%) pane kudya kweCEL (1.27 ± 0.16%), zvichiratidza kuderedzwa kweFA synthase uye thioesterase zviitiko19. Chechipiri, kudya kwemafuta acids kunoonekwa sechinhu chikuru chinokonzera SFA kuumbwa kweH. ilucens27. Mukuedza kwedu, linoleic acid (C18: 2n6) yakaverengera 54.81% yezvokudya zvine mafuta acids, pamwe nechikamu muLAC magonye ari 17.22 ± 0.46% uye muMAL 12.58 ± 0.67%. Oleic acid (cis + trans C18: 1n9) (23.22% muzvokudya) yakaratidza maitiro akafanana. Chiyero che α-linolenic acid (C18: 3n3) inotsigirawo bioaccumulation hypothesis. Iyi fatty acid inozivikanwa kuunganidza muBSFL pane substrate hupfumi, sekuwedzera kwekeke reflaxseed, kusvika pa6-9% yemafuta ese emafuta acids mumarvae19. Muzvokudya zvakasimbiswa, C18: 3n3 inogona kuverenga kusvika ku35% yehuwandu hwekudya kwemafuta acids. Zvisinei, mukudzidza kwedu, C18: 3n3 yakangoita 2.51% chete yefatty acid profile. Kunyange zvazvo chikamu chinowanikwa mumasikirwo chakanga chakaderera mumakonye edu, chikamu ichi chaive chakakwirira mumakonye eLAC (0.87 ± 0.02%) kupfuura muMAL (0.49 ± 0.04%) (p <0.001; ona Supplementary Table S1). Chikafu cheCEL chaive nechikamu chepakati che 0.72 ± 0.18%. Chekupedzisira, iyo palmitic acid (C16: 0) chiyero muCF makonye inoratidza mupiro wenzira dzekugadzira uye chikafu FA19. Hoc et al. 19 yakacherechedza kuti C16: 0 synthesis yakaderedzwa apo kudya kwakagadziriswa nemafuta eflaxseed, iyo yainzi yakaderera pakuwanikwa kweacetyl-CoA substrate nekuda kwekuderera kwehuwandu hweCH. Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti kunyange zvazvo zvikafu zvose zvaive neC CH uye MAL yakaratidza yakakwirira bioavailability, MAL mhute yakaratidza yakaderera C16: 0 chiyero (10.46 ± 0.77%), nepo LAC yakaratidza chikamu chepamusoro, kuverenga kwe12.85 ± 0.27% (p <0.05; ona; Wedzero Tafura S1). Iyi mhedzisiro inosimbisa pesvedzero yakaoma yezvikafu paBSFL digestion uye metabolism. Parizvino, kutsvagisa nezvenyaya iyi kwakanyanya muLepidoptera kupfuura muDiptera. Mumakonye, LAC yakaonekwa seisina simba inokurudzira yekudyisa maitiro kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe mashuga anonyungudika akadai seSUC neFRU34,35. Kunyanya, muSpodopteralittoralis (Boisduval 1833), kushandiswa kweMAL kwakakurudzira basa reamylolytic mumatumbo kusvika pamwero mukuru kupfuura LAC34. Migumisiro yakafanana muBSFL inogona kutsanangura kukurudzirwa kunowedzera kweC12: 0 nzira yekugadzira muMAL larvae, iyo inobatanidza nekuwedzera kwemukati inobatwa CH, kudya kwenguva refu, uye intestinal amylase chiito. Kunyanya kukurudzirwa kwekudyisa rhythm pamberi peLAC kunogonawo kutsanangura kunonoka kukura kweLAC maruva. Uyezve, Liu Yanxia et al. 27 yakacherechedza kuti hupenyu hwesherufu hwe lipids muH. illucens substrates hwakanga hwakareba kupfuura hweC. Naizvozvo, LAC mhute inogona kuvimba zvakanyanya pakudya lipids kuti ipedze kukura kwayo, iyo inogona kuwedzera yavo yekupedzisira lipid yemukati uye modula yavo fatty acid profile.
Sekuziva kwedu, zvidzidzo zvishoma chete zvakaedza mhedzisiro yemonosaccharide uye disaccharide yekuwedzera kune BSF chikafu pane yavo FA profiles. Kutanga, Li et al. 30 yakaongorora mhedzisiro yeGLU uye xylose uye yakacherekedza lipid mazinga akafanana neyedu pachiyero chekuwedzera che8%. Iyo FA mbiri yakanga isina kutsanangurwa uye yaisanganisira zvakanyanya yeSFA, asi hapana misiyano yakawanikwa pakati pemashuga maviri aya kana paakaunzwa panguva imwe chete30. Uyezve, Cohn et al. 41 yakaratidza kusaita 20% GLU, SUC, FRU uye GAL kuwedzera kune chikafu chehuku pane anoenderana FA profiles. Aya ma spectra akawanikwa kubva kune tekinoroji kwete biological replicates, iyo, sezvakatsanangurwa nevanyori, inogona kudzikamisa kuongororwa kwenhamba. Uyezve, kushaikwa kwe-iso-sugar control (uchishandisa CEL) kunodzikamisa kududzirwa kwemhedzisiro. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvidzidzo zviviri naNugroho RA et al. yakaratidza kusanzwisisika muFA spectra42,43. Muchidzidzo chekutanga, Nugroho RA et al. 43 yakaedza mhedzisiro yekuwedzera FRU kune yakaviriswa palm kernel meal. Nhoroondo yeFA yezvipembenene zvakaguma yakaratidza mazinga akawandisa ePUFA, anopfuura 90% ayo akatorwa kubva mukudya kune 10% FRU (yakafanana nekudzidza kwedu). Kunyangwe chikafu ichi chaive nePUFA-rich hove pellets, iyo yakashumwa FA mbiri kukosha kwemakonye pakudya kwekutonga kunosanganisira 100% yakaviriswa PCM yakanga isingaenderane neyakambotaurwa nhoroondo, kunyanya iyo isina kujairika yeC18: 3n3 ye17.77 ± 1.67% uye 26.08 ± 0.20% ye conjugated linoleic acid (C18: 2n6t), isingawanzo isomer ye linoleic acid. Chidzidzo chechipiri chakaratidza mhedzisiro yakafanana inosanganisira FRU, GLU, MAL uye SUC42 mune yakaviriswa palm kernel meal. Zvidzidzo izvi, senge zvedu, zvinoratidzira kuomerwa kwakakomba mukuenzanisa mhedzisiro kubva kuBSF larval kudya miedzo, senge sarudzo dzekutonga, kudyidzana nezvimwe zvinovaka muviri, uye FA nzira dzekuongorora.
Panguva yekuedza, takaona kuti ruvara uye kunhuwa kwe substrate kwakasiyana zvichienderana nekudya kunoshandiswa. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti ma microorganisms anogona kuita basa mumigumisiro yakaonekwa mu substrate uye digestive system yezvipembenene. Muchokwadi, monosaccharides uye disaccharides zviri nyore metabolised ne colonizing microorganisms. Kukurumidza kushandiswa kweshuga yakanyunguduka nema microorganisms kunogona kukonzera kuburitswa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwezvigadzirwa zvemetabolism zvakadai se ethanol, lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids (eg acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid) uye carbon dioxide44. Mamwe emakemikari aya anogona kunge ane mhosva yezvinouraya zvinokuvadza zvinokonzerwa nemhou zvakare zvakaonekwa naCohn et al.41 pasi pemamiriro akafanana ekukura. Semuenzaniso, ethanol inokuvadza kune zvipembenene45. Kuwanda kwecarbon dioxide emissions kunogona kuita kuti iunganidzwe pasi petangi, izvo zvinogona kubvisa mhepo yeokisijeni kana kutenderera kwemhepo kusingabvumiri kusunungurwa kwayo. NezveSCFAs, migumisiro yavo pazvipembenene, kunyanya H. illucens, inoramba isinganzwisisiki, kunyange zvazvo lactic acid, propionic acid, uye butyric acid zvakaratidzwa kuva zvinouraya muCallosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius 1775)46. MuDrosophila melanogaster Meigen 1830, aya maSCFAs anonhuhwirira mamaki anotungamira vanhukadzi kunzvimbo dzemaoviposition, zvichiratidza basa rinobatsira mukukura kwelarval47. Zvisinei, acetic acid inorondedzerwa sechinhu chine ngozi uye inogona kuvharidzira kukura kwegonye47. Kusiyana neizvi, microbially inotorwa lactate ichangobva kuwanikwa iine inodzivirira kubva kune invasive gut microbes muDrosophila48. Uyezve, ma microorganisms muhutano hwekudya anoitawo basa muCH digestion muzvipembenene49. Physiological effects yeSCFAs pagut microbiota, yakadai seyero yekudya uye gene expression, yakatsanangurwa mune vertebrates 50. Vanogonawo kuva ne-trophic effect paH. illucens larvae uye vanogona kubatsira muchidimbu kumitemo yeFA profiles. Zvidzidzo pamusoro pezvinovaka muviri zvinokonzerwa nemishonga iyi microbial fermentation ichajekesa migumisiro yavo paH. illucens chikafu uye inopa hwaro hwezvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi pamusoro pezvipembenene zvinobatsira kana zvinokuvadza maererano nekukura kwavo uye kukosha kwe FA-rich substrates. Panyaya iyi, basa rema microorganisms mukugadzirisa kwekudya kwezvipembenene zvakarimwa zvakawanda zviri kuwedzera kuongororwa. Zvipembenene zvinotanga kuonekwa sebioreactors, zvichipa pH uye oxygenation mamiriro ezvinhu anobatsira kukura kwezvipembenene zvakakosha mukuora kana kusvibiswa kwezvokudya zvinonetsa kuti zvipembenene zvigaye 51. Munguva ichangopfuura, Xiang et al.52 vakaratidza kuti, semuenzaniso, inoculation yemarara ehupenyu nemusanganiswa webhakitiriya inobvumira CF kukwevera mabhakitiriya anonyanya kuparara kwe lignocellulose, kuvandudza kuparara kwayo mu substrate kana ichienzaniswa ne substrates isina maruva.
Pakupedzisira, maererano nekushandiswa kunobatsira kwemarara ehupenyu neH. illucens, kudya kweCEL neSUC kwakagadzira nhamba yepamusoro yezvipembenene pazuva. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyangwe huremu hwekupedzisira hwehuremu hwemunhu mumwe nemumwe, huremu hwemakonye hunogadzirwa pasubstrate ine indigestible CH inofananidzwa neiyo inowanikwa pahomosaccharide chikafu chine monosaccharides uye disaccharides. Muchidzidzo chedu, zvakakosha kuziva kuti mazinga ezvimwe zvinovaka muviri zvakakwana kuti atsigire kukura kwehuwandu hwevanhu uye kuti kuwedzerwa kweCEL kunofanira kuderedzwa. Zvisinei, kuumbwa kwekupedzisira kwezvipembenene kunosiyana, kuratidza kukosha kwekusarudza nzira yakarurama yekusimbisa zvipembenene. CEL mhute inodyiswa nechikafu chose inonyanya kukodzera kushandiswa sechikafu chemhuka nekuda kwekuderera kwemafuta emukati uye yakaderera lauric acid mazinga, nepo mhunga inodyiswa neSUC kana MAL yekudya inoda kusvibiswa nekutsikirira kuwedzera kukosha kwemafuta, kunyanya mubiofuel. sector. LAC inowanikwa muindasitiri yemukaka ne-zvigadzirwa senge whey kubva mukugadzira cheese. Munguva ichangopfuura, kushandiswa kwayo (3.5% lactose) kwakavandudza uremu hwekupedzisira hwemakonye53. Nekudaro, iyo yekudzora kudya muchidzidzo ichi yaive nehafu yemafuta emukati. Nokudaro, kuenderera mberi kwemigumisiro yeLAC inogona kunge yakashongedzwa nelarval bioaccumulation yezvokudya lipids.
Sezvinoratidzwa nezvidzidzo zvakapfuura, zvimiro zvemonosaccharides uye disaccharides zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kukura kweBSFL uye modulate yayo FA mbiri. Kunyanya, LAC inoratidzika kunge ichiita basa rekuenderera mberi panguva yekukura kwelarval nekudzikamisa kuwanikwa kweCH yekudya lipid absorption, nekudaro ichikurudzira UFA bioaccumulation. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, zvingave zvinonakidza kuita bioassays uchishandisa chikafu chinosanganisa PUFA neLAC. Uyezve, basa rema microorganisms, kunyanya basa re microbial metabolites (senge maSCFAs) anobva mumatanho ekuvirisa shuga, inoramba iri nyaya yekutsvagisa yakakodzera kuongororwa.
Tupembenene twakawanikwa kubva kuBSF colony yeLaboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology yakavambwa muna 2017 paAgro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium (kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve nzira dzekurera, ona Hoc et al. 19). Pamiyedzo yekuyedza, 2.0 g yemazai eBSF akaunganidzwa zuva nezuva kubva mumakeji ekuberekesa uye akaiswa mu2.0 kg ye70% yehuku yehuku (Aveve, Leuven, Belgium). Mazuva mashanu mushure mekuchechenywa, makonye akaparadzaniswa kubva kune substrate uye akaverengerwa nemaoko nekuda kwekuedza. Huremu hwekutanga hwebatch yega yega hwakayerwa. Avhareji yehuremu hwemunhu hwaive 7.125 ± 0.41 mg, uye avhareji yekurapa yega yega inoratidzwa muSupplementary Table S2.
Kugadzirwa kwekudya kwakagadziriswa kubva pakudzidza naBarragan-Fonseca et al. 38 . Muchidimbu, kupindirana kwakawanikwa pakati pehuku dzehuku dzakafanana, dzakafanana dzakaoma (DM), yakakwira CH (10% zvichienderana nekudya kutsva) uye magadzirirwo, sezvo mashuga ari nyore uye madisaccharides asina zvinyorwa zvemavara. Zvinoenderana neruzivo rwemugadziri (Chicken Feed, AVEVE, Leuven, Belgium), iyo yakaedzwa CH (kureva shuga inonyungudika) yakawedzerwa zvakasiyana seye autoclaved aqueous solution (15.9%) pakudya kunosanganisira 16.0% protein, 5.0% yakazara lipids, 11,9% chikafu chehuku yevhu chine dota uye 4,8% fiber. Mune imwe neimwe 750 ml chirongo (17.20 × 11.50 × 6.00 cm, AVA, Tempsee, Belgium), 101.9 g ye autoclaved CH solution yakasanganiswa ne 37.8 g yehuku chikafu. Pakudya kwega kwega, iyo yakaoma nyaya yemukati yaive 37.0%, kusanganisira homogeneous protein (11.7%), homogeneous lipids (3.7%) uye homogeneous shuga (26.9% yekuwedzera CH). Iyo CH yakaedzwa yaive glucose (GLU), fructose (FRU), galactose (GAL), maltose (MAL), sucrose (SUC) uye lactose (LAC). Chikafu chekutonga chaisanganisira cellulose (CEL), iyo inonzi indigestible yeH. illucens larvae 38. Makonye zana emazuva mashanu akaiswa mutireyi yakavharwa nechivharo chine buri dhayamita 1 cm pakati uye yakavharwa neplastic mosquito net. Kudya kwega kwega kwakadzokororwa kana.
Huremu hweLarval hwakayerwa mazuva matatu mushure mekutanga kwekuyedza. Pachiyero chega chega, makonye makumi maviri akabviswa kubva pasiti achishandisa mvura inodziya inodziya uye simba, akaomeswa, uye kuyerwa (STX223, Ohaus Scout, Parsippany, USA). Mushure mekuyera, mapere akadzoserwa pakati pe substrate. Zviyero zvaitorwa nguva dzose katatu pavhiki kusvikira prepupa yekutanga yabuda. Panguva ino, unganidza, kuverenga, uye kuyera makonye ese sezvakatsanangurwa kare. Kupatsanura nhanho yechitanhatu makonye (kureva, makonye machena anoenderana nedanho remakonye rinotangira prepupal stage) uye prepupae (kureva, danho rekupedzisira remakonye panguva iyo BSF makonye anoshanduka matema, anomira kudya, uye kutsvaga nharaunda inokodzera metamorphosis) uye chengetedza pa - 18 ° C yekuongorora kuumbwa. Goho rakaverengwa sereshiyo yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvipembenene (larvae uye prepupae yechikamu chechitanhatu) inowanikwa pandiro (g) kusvika panguva yekukura (d). Zvese zvinoreva kukosha muzvinyorwa zvinoratidzwa se: zvinoreva ± SD.
Matanho ese aitevera ekushandisa zvinonyungudutsa (hexane (Hex), chloroform (CHCl3), methanol (MeOH)) akaitwa pasi pefume hood uye zvaidiwa kupfeka magirovhosi enitrile, maapuroni uye magirazi ekuchengetedza.
Makonye machena akaomeswa muFreeZone6 yekuomesa chando (Labconco Corp., Kansas City, MO, USA) kwe72 h ndokuzoigwa (IKA A10, Staufen, Germany). Total lipids akatorwa kubva ± 1 g yehupfu uchishandisa Folch nzira 54. Yakasara mwando yehuwandu hwemwemwe lyophilized sampu yakatemerwa muduplicate uchishandisa mwando analyzer (MA 150, Sartorius, Göttiggen, Germany) kugadzirisa lipids yakazara.
Yese lipids yakashandurwa pasi pemamiriro ane acidic kuti iwane fatty acid methyl esters. Muchidimbu, ingangoita 10 MG lipids/100 µl CHCl3 mhinduro (100 µl) yakapfaviswa nenitrogen mu8 ml Pyrex© chubhu (SciLabware - DWK Life Sciences, London, UK). Iyo chubhu yakaiswa muHex (0.5 ml) (PESTINORM®SUPRATRACE n-Hexane> 95% ye organic trace analysis, VWR Chemicals, Radnor, PA, USA) uye Hex/MeOH/BF3 (20/25/55) mhinduro (0.5) ml) mumvura yekugezera pa70 °C kwemaminetsi makumi mapfumbamwe. Mushure mekutonhora, 10% yemvura yeH2SO4 solution (0.2 ml) uye yakazara NaCl solution (0.5 ml) yakawedzerwa. Sanganisa chubhu uye uzadze musanganiswa neHex yakachena (8.0 mL). Chikamu chechikamu chepamusoro chakaendeswa kune vial uye yakaongororwa negasi chromatography ine flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Mienzaniso yakaongororwa pachishandiswa Trace GC Ultra (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) yakashongedzerwa nejekiseni rekutsemuka/kutsemuka (240 °C) mukupatsanurwa modhi (kuyerera kwekuyerera: 10 mL/min), koramu yeStabilwax®-DA ( 30 m, 0.25 mm id, 0.25 μm, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, PA, USA) uye FID (250 °C). Chirongwa chekushisa chakagadzirirwa sezvinotevera: 50 ° C ye1 min, ichiwedzera kusvika 150 ° C pa 30 ° C / min, ichiwedzera kusvika 240 ° C pa 4 ° C / min uye ichienderera pa 240 ° C kwemaminitsi mashanu. Hex yakashandiswa senge isina chinhu uye referensi chiyero ine 37 fatty acid methyl esters (Supelco 37-chikamu FAMEmix, Sigma-Aldrich, Overijse, Belgium) yakashandiswa kuzivikanwa. Kuzivikanwa kweunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) kwakasimbiswa nehupamhi hwemaviri-dimensional GC (GC × GC-FID) uye kuvapo kwemaisomer kwakanyatsogadziriswa nekugadziriswa kuduku kwenzira yeFerrara et al. 55. Zvinyorwa zvezviridzwa zvinogona kuwanikwa muSupplementary Table S3 uye mhedzisiro muSupplementary Figure S5.
Iyo data inoratidzwa muExcel spreadsheet fomati (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). Kuongorora kwenhamba kwakaitwa pachishandiswa R Studio (version 2023.12.1+402, Boston, USA) 56 . Dhata pamusoro pehuremu hwemalarva, nguva yekusimudzira uye kubereka zvakafungidzirwa kushandisa mutsara wemuenzaniso (LM) (murairo "lm", R package "stats" 56) sezvavanokodzera kugoverwa kweGaussian. Kupona kwehuwandu uchishandisa binomial modhi kuongorora kwakafungidzirwa uchishandisa general linear modhi (GLM) (command "glm", R package "lme4" 57). Normality uye homoscedasticity zvakasimbiswa kushandisa Shapiro test (command "shapiro.test", R package "stats" 56) uye kuongororwa kwekusiyana kwedata (command betadisper, R package "vegan" 58). Mushure mekuongororwa kwepaviri kweakakosha p-values (p <0.05) kubva kuLM kana GLM bvunzo, misiyano yakakura pakati pemapoka yakaonekwa pachishandiswa EMM bvunzo (kuraira "emmeans", R package "emmeans" 59).
Iyo yakazara FA spectra yakaenzaniswa uchishandisa multivariate permutation ongororo yekusiyana (kureva permMANOVA; raira "adonis2", R package "vegan" 58) uchishandisa Euclidean chinhambwe matrix uye 999 mvumo. Izvi zvinobatsira kuziva fatty acids inokonzerwa nemhando yezvokudya zvemakhahydrates. Misiyano yakakura mumaprofayiri eFA yakaongororwazve pachishandiswa kuenzanisa paviri. Iyo data yakabva yaonekwa pachishandiswa principal component analysis (PCA) (command "PCA", R package "FactoMineR" 60). Iyo FA inokonzeresa misiyano iyi yakaonekwa nekududzira madenderedzwa ewirirano. Ava vavhoti vakasimbiswa pachishandiswa nzira imwe chete yekuongorora musiyano (ANOVA) (command “aov”, R package “stats” 56 ) ichiteverwa neTukey's post hoc test (command TukeyHSD, R package “stats” 56 ). Pamberi pekuongorora, zvakajairika zvakaongororwa uchishandisa Shapiro-Wilk bvunzo, homoscedasticity yakaongororwa pachishandiswa Bartlett bvunzo (command "bartlett.test", R package "stats" 56), uye nzira isiri-parametric yakashandiswa kana pasina fungidziro mbiri dzakasangana. . Ongororo dzakaenzaniswa ( command “kruskal.test”, R package “stats” 56 ), uye ipapo Dunn's post hoc bvunzo dzakaiswa (command dunn.test, R package “dunn.test” 56 ).
Chinyorwa chekupedzisira chechinyorwa chakaongororwa pachishandiswa Grammarly Editor sechirungu chinoongorora (Grammarly Inc., San Francisco, California, USA) 61 .
Iwo madhata akagadzirwa uye akaongororwa panguva yechidzidzo chazvino anowanikwa kubva kumunyori anowirirana pachikumbiro chine musoro.
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Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-25-2024