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Kurimwa kwezvipembenene inzira inogoneka yekuzadzisa kudiwa kwepasi rose kweprotein uye ibasa idzva munyika dzekuMadokero uko kune mibvunzo yakawanda inoramba iri maererano nemhando yechigadzirwa uye kuchengetedzwa. Zvipembenene zvinogona kuita basa rakakosha muhupfumi hwedenderedzwa nekushandura biowaste kuita biomass yakakosha. Inenge hafu yefood substrate yemakonye ehupfu inobva mukudya kwakanyorova. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva kubiowaste, zvichiita kuti kurima kwezvipembenene kuve kwakasimba. Chinyorwa ichi chinoshuma nezvekudya kuumbwa kwemakonye ehupfu (Tenebrio molitor) anodyiswa neorganic supplement kubva kune-zvigadzirwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira miriwo isina kutengeswa, zvimedu zvembatatisi, midzi yechicory yakaviriswa uye mashizha ebindu. Inoongororwa nekuongorora kurongeka kwakaringana, fatty acid profile, mineral uye heavy metal content. Mealworms akadyiswa mbatatisi zvimedu aive nemafuta akapetwa kaviri uye kuwedzera kweakazara uye monounsaturated fatty acids. Iko kushandiswa kweiyo yakaviriswa chicory mudzi kunowedzera iyo mineral content uye inounganidza inorema simbi. Mukuwedzera, kutorwa kwemaminerari nehonye yezvokudya kunosarudza, sezvo chete calcium, iron uye manganese concentrations inowedzera. Kuwedzerwa kwemisanganiswa yemiriwo kana mashizha ebindu pakudya hakuzonyatso kushandura chimiro chekudya. Mukupedzisa, kuyerera kwechigadzirwa kwakashandurwa zvakabudirira kuita protein-rich biomass, iyo inovaka muviri uye bioavailability iyo yakapesvedzera kuumbwa kwemakonye ehupfu.
Huwandu hwevanhu huri kukura hunotarisirwa kusvika pa9.7 bhiriyoni panosvika 20501,2 zvichiisa dzvinyiriro pakugadzirwa kwedu kwechikafu kuti titarisane nekudiwa kukuru kwechikafu. Inofungidzirwa kuti kudiwa kwechikafu kuchawedzera ne70-80% pakati pe2012 ne20503,4,5. Zviwanikwa zvechisikigo zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwechikafu zvazvino zviri kupera, zvichityisidzira zvisikwa zvedu uye chikafu. Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hukuru hwebiomass hwakaraswa zvine chekuita nekugadzirwa kwechikafu uye kushandiswa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti panosvika 2050, huwandu hwemarara hwepasi rose hwepagore huchasvika matani 27 bhiriyoni, mazhinji acho ari bio-waste6,7,8. Mukupindura kumatambudziko aya, mhinduro itsva, dzimwe nzira dzechikafu uye kusimudzira kwakasimba kwekurima uye masisitimu echikafu zvakarongwa9,10,11. Imwe nzira yakadai ndeyekushandisa organic residues kugadzira zvinhu zvakasvibirira senge tupembenene zvinodyiwa sezviyo zvinogara zviripo zvekudya uye feed12,13. Kurimwa kwezvipembenene kunoburitsa gasi regreenhouse uye kuburitsa ammonia, kunoda mvura shoma pane kunobva mapuroteni echinyakare, uye kunogona kugadzirwa mukurima kwakatwasuka, kunoda nzvimbo shoma14,15,16,17,18,19. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti zvipembenene zvinokwanisa kushandura yakaderera-yakakosha biowaste kuita mapuroteni ane hupfumi hwakawanda ane zvinhu zvakaoma zviri mukati me70%20,21,22. Uyezve, yakaderera-yakakosha biomass parizvino inoshandiswa kugadzira simba, kuzadza ivhu kana kudzokorodza uye nekudaro haikwikwidze neyezvino chikafu uye chikafu chikamu23,24,25,26. Honye yehupfu (T. molitor)27 inoonekwa seimwe yemhando dzinonyanya kuvimbiswa kune yakakura-chiyero chekudya nekugadzira chikafu. Zvose zvipembenene uye vanhu vakuru vanodya zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadai sezvigadzirwa zvezviyo, tsvina yemhuka, miriwo, michero, nezvimwewo 28,29. Munyika dzekuMadokero, T. molitor inoberekerwa muusungwa pamwero muduku, kunyanya sekudya kwezvipfuwo zvakadai seshiri kana zvinokambaira. Parizvino, kugona kwavo mukugadzira chikafu nekudya kuri kugamuchira zvakanyanya30,31,32. Semuyenzaniso, T. molitor yakatenderwa ine chimiro chitsva chekudya, kusanganisira kushandiswa muchando, chakaomeswa uye mafomu eupfu (Regulation (EU) No 258/97 uye Regulation (EU) 2015/2283) 33. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kukuru. yezvipembenene zvekudya uye zvekudya ichiri pfungwa itsva munyika dzekuMadokero. Indasitiri inotarisana nematambudziko akadai semhanza yeruzivo maererano nekudya kwakakwana uye kugadzirwa, hutano hwemhando yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira, uye nyaya dzekuchengetedza dzakadai senge huturu kuvaka-up uye njodzi dzehutachiona. Kusiyana nekupfuya kwechinyakare, kupfuya zvipembenene hakuna nhoroondo yakafanana nenhoroondo17,24,25,34.
Kunyange zvazvo zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitwa pamusoro pekukosha kwekudya kwemakonye ezvokudya, zvinhu zvinokanganisa kukosha kwavo kwekudya hazvisati zvanyatsonzwisiswa. Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kuti kudya kwezvipembenene kunogona kuva nemigumisiro pakuumbwa kwayo, asi hapana chimiro chakajeka chakawanikwa. Pamusoro pezvo, zvidzidzo izvi zvakatarisana neprotein uye lipid components of mealworms, asi zvakave nemigumisiro shoma pane mineral components21,22,32,35,36,37,38,39,40. Kuwedzera kutsvagisa kunodiwa kuti unzwisise iyo mineral absorption kugona. Ongororo ichangoburwa yakagumisa kuti makonye ehupfu akadyiswa radish aive akakwirisa zvishoma kune mamwe mamineral. Nekudaro, izvi mhedzisiro zvinogumira kune substrate yakaedzwa, uye mimwe miedzo yeindasitiri inodiwa41. Kuunganidzwa kwesimbi inorema (Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg) mumakonye ehupfu kwanzi kwakabatana zvakanyanya nesimbi yemukati mematrix. Kunyange zvazvo kuwanda kwesimbi kunowanikwa mukudya mukudya kwemhuka kuri pasi pemiganhu yepamutemo42, arsenic yakawanikwawo kuti bioaccumulate muhonye yehupfu, asi cadmium uye mutungamiri hazviiti bioaccumulate43. Kunzwisisa mhedzisiro yekudya pane zvinovaka muviri kuumbwa kwemakonye ehupfu kwakakosha pakushandisa kwavo kwakachengeteka mukudya uye chikafu.
Ongororo yakapihwa mubepa rino yakanangana nekukanganisa kwekushandisa zvirimwa zvekurima sechikafu chinonyorova pane zvinovaka muviri zvemakonye. Kunze kwekudya kwakaoma, chikafu chemvura chinofanira kupiwawo kune makonye. Iyo yekunyorova yekudyisa sosi inopa hunyoro hunodiwa uye inoshandawo sechikafu chekuwedzera kwehonye dzehupfu, kuwedzera kukura kwekukura uye kurema kwemuviri44,45. Zvinoenderana nedata redu rekurera makonye ehupfu muchirongwa cheInterreg-Valusect, chikafu chehonye chehupfu chine 57% w/w wet feed. Kazhinji, miriwo mitsva (eg makarotsi) inoshandiswa semvura yekudyisa sosi35,36,42,44,46. Kushandisa zvinhu zvakaderera-zvichigadzirwa sezvipfuyo zvinonyorova zvinounza budiriro uye hupfumi kukurima kwezvipembenene17. Zvinangwa zvechidzidzo ichi zvaive (1) kuongorora mhedzisiro yekushandisa biowaste semvura yakanyorova pane zvinovaka muviri zvinoumbwa nemakonye ehupfu, (2) kuona macro- uye micronutrient zviri mukati memakonye ehupfu anorerwa pamineral-rich biowaste kuyedza kugona kwe mineral fortification, uye (3) ongorora kuchengetedzwa kweizvi by-zvigadzirwa mukurima kwezvipembenene nekuongorora kuvepo uye kuunganidzwa kwezvinorema. simbi Pb, Cd uye Cr. Ichi chidzidzo chinozopa rumwe ruzivo nezve mhedzisiro yebiowaste supplementation pakudya kwemakonye ehupfu, kukosha kwekudya uye kuchengetedzwa.
Iyo yakaoma nyaya yemukati mu lateral kuyerera yaive yakakwirira kana ichienzaniswa nekudzora wet nutrient agar. Iyo yakaoma yemukati mumisanganiswa yemuriwo uye mashizha emubindu yaive isingasviki gumi muzana, nepo yaive yakakwirira mukucheka mbatatisi nemidzi yechicory yakaviriswa (13.4 uye 29.9 g/100 g chinhu chitsva, FM).
Musanganiswa wemuriwo waiva nepamusoro crude ash, mafuta uye mapuroteni zviri mukati uye yakaderera isiri-fibrous carbohydrate zviri mukati kupfuura yekudzora feed (agar), nepo amylase-yakagadziriswa neatre detergent fiber content yakafanana. Iyo carbohydrate yemukati yezvimedu zvembatatisi ndiyo yaive yepamusoro-soro pahova dzese dzepadivi uye yaifananidzwa neyeagar. Kakawanda, kuumbwa kwayo kusina kuchena kwainyanya kufanana nekudya kwekutonga, asi yakawedzerwa nemapuroteni mashoma (4.9%) uye madota asina kuchena (2.9%) 47,48. Iyo pH yembatatisi inotangira pa5 kusvika pa6, uye zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti iyi mbatatisi yedivi rukova inowedzera acidic (4.7). Yakaviriswa chicory midzi yakapfuma mumadota uye ndiyo yakanyanya acidic pane ese mativi hova. Sezvo midzi isina kucheneswa, madota mazhinji anotarisirwa kuve nejecha (silica). Mashizha egadheni ndiwo aive ega alkaline chigadzirwa kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga uye mamwe mativi hova. Iine mazinga akakwirira emadota uye mapuroteni uye yakaderera zvikuru macarbohydrates pane kutonga. Iyo isina kuchena yakagadzirwa iri padyo neyakaviriswa chicory mudzi, asi crude protein concentration yakakwira (15.0%), inofananidzwa neprotein yemukati yemusanganiswa wemiriwo. Kuongororwa kwenhamba kweiyo data iri pamusoro kwakaratidza misiyano yakakura mukuumbwa kwakashata uye pH yenzizi dzeparutivi.
Kuwedzerwa kwemisanganiswa yemiriwo kana mashizha emubindu kune chikafu chehonye hakuna kukanganisa kuumbwa kwemakonye ehupfu kana zvichienzaniswa neboka rinodzora (Tafura 1). Kuwedzera kwekucheka mbatatisi kwakakonzera mutsauko wakanyanya mukuumbwa kwebiomass zvichienzaniswa neboka rekutonga rinogamuchira makonye ehupfu uye mamwe masosi ekunyorova kwekudya. Kana ari mapuroteni emukati mehonye dzehupfu, kunze kwekuchekwa kwembatatisi, kuumbwa kwakasiyana kwakasiyana kwehova dzeparutivi hakuna kukanganisa mapuroteni emupunga. Kudyisa mbatatisi kuchekwa sechitubu chekunyorova kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwakapetwa kaviri mumafuta emukati uye kuderera kwemukati weprotein, chitin, uye isiri-fibrous carbohydrates. Yakaviriswa chicory mudzi yakawedzera madota ehupfu hwemakonye kamwechete nehafu.
Mamineral profiles akaratidzwa se macromineral (Table 2) uye micronutrient (Table 3) zviri mukati memvura yekudyisa uye mealworm larval biomass.
Kazhinji, hova dzeparutivi rwekurima dzaive dzakapfuma mune macrominerals zvichienzaniswa neboka rekutonga, kunze kwekucheka mbatatisi, iyo yaive yakaderera Mg, Na uye Ca zvirimo. Potassium concentration yaive yakakwirira mumativi ese hova zvichienzaniswa nekutonga. Agar ine 3 mg/100 g DM K, ukuwo K murukova weparutivi kubva pa1070 kusvika 9909 mg/100 g DM. Macromineral content mumusanganiswa wemiriwo yakanyanyisa kudarika muboka rekutonga, asi Na content yakaderera zvikuru (88 vs. 111 mg / 100 g DM). Macromineral concentration mukucheka mbatatisi ndiyo yaive yakadzikira pahova dzese dzeparutivi. Macromineral yemukati mukucheka mbatatisi yaive yakaderera zvakanyanya kupfuura mune mamwe mativi hova uye kutonga. Kunze kwekuti Mg yemukati yaive yakaenzana neboka rekutonga. Kunyangwe yakaviriswa chicory midzi yakanga isina yakanyanya kuwanda kwema macrominerals, madota erukova urwu rwakanga rwuri rwepamusoro pahova dzese dzekudivi. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuti hazvina kucheneswa uye zvinogona kunge zvine huwandu hwakanyanya hwesilica (jecha). Zvirimo zveNa neCa zvaive zvakaenzana neizvo zvemusanganiswa wemuriwo. Yakaviriswa chicory midzi yaive nepamusoro-soro yeNa yehova dzese dzepadivi. Kunze kweNa, horticultural mashizha aive nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwemacrominerals ezvipfuyo zvese zvakanyorova. Iyo K concentration (9909 mg / 100 g DM) yaive zviuru zvitatu zvakapetwa kupfuura kutonga (3 mg / 100 g DM) uye 2.5 nguva yakakwirira kupfuura musanganiswa wemiriwo (4057 mg / 100 g DM). Iyo yeCa content yaive yepamusoro-soro yenzizi dzese kumativi (7276 mg / 100 g DM), 20 nguva dzakakwirira kudarika kutonga (336 mg / 100 g DM), uye 14 nguva dzakakwirira kudarika Ca concentration mu fermented chicory midzi kana yemiriwo musanganiswa ( 530 uye 496 MG/100 g DM).
Kunyange zvazvo pakanga paine misiyano yakakura mukugadzirwa kwema macromineral yezvokudya (Table Tafura 2), hapana misiyano yakakosha yakawanikwa mune macromineral kuumbwa kwehonye dzekudya dzakasimudzwa pamisanganiswa yemiriwo uye kudzora kudya.
Makurumwa akadyiswa zvimedu zvembatatisi aive neakanyanya kudzika kudzika kweese macrominerals zvichienzaniswa nekutonga, kunze kweNa, iyo yaive neyakafanana. Pamusoro pezvo, kudyisa mbatatisi kwakakonzera kudzikiswa kukuru kwelarval macromineral yemukati kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe maturu. Izvi zvinopindirana nedota rezasi rinoonekwa mumakonye ehupfu ari pedyo. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo P neK dzaive dzakakwirira zvakanyanya mukudya uku kwakanyorova kupfuura mamwe mativi uye kutonga, kuumbwa kwemhunga hakuna kuratidza izvi. Iyo yakaderera yeCa uye Mg yekumisikidza inowanikwa muhonye yekudya biomass inogona kunge yakabatana neiyo yakaderera yeCa uye Mg yekumisikidza iripo mukudya kwakanyorova chaiko.
Kudyisa midzi yechicory yakaviriswa uye mashizha emuorivhi zvakaguma nepamusoro zvakanyanya mazinga ecalcium pane zvidzoro. Mashizha eOrchard aive nepamusoro-soro yeP, Mg, K uye Ca yezvese zvekudya zvakanyorova, asi izvi hazvina kuratidzwa muhupfu hwemakonye. Kuwanda kweNa kwaive kwakadzikira mumakonye aya, ukuwo maNa aive akakwira mumashizha emumunda wemichero pane kuchekwa kwembatatisi. Ca yemukati yakawedzera mumakonye (66 mg/100 g DM), asi huwandu hweCa hwakanga husina kukwirira sehuya huri muhupfu hwehupfu (79 mg/100 g DM) mukuyedzwa kwemidzi yechicory yakaviriswa, kunyangwe huwandu hweCa muzvirimwa zveshizha remichero hwaive. 14 nguva yakakwirira kupfuura mumudzi we chicory.
Kubva pane microelement kuumbwa kwezvokudya zvakanyorova (Table Tafura 3), mineral content yemusanganiswa wemiriwo yakanga yakafanana neboka rekutonga, kunze kwekuti Mn concentration yakaderera zvikuru. Maconcentrations eese akaongororwa mamicroelements aive akadzikira mukucheka mbatatisi zvichienzaniswa nekutonga uye zvimwe ne-zvigadzirwa. Yakaviriswa chicory midzi yaive neine ka100 iron yakawanda, 4 yakapetwa mhangura, 2 yakapetwa zinc uye yakaenzana huwandu hwemanganese. Iyo zinc uye manganese zviri mumashizha ezvirimwa zvebindu zvaive zvakanyanya kudarika muboka rekutonga.
Hapana misiyano yakakosha yakawanikwa pakati peiyo trace element yemukati meburvae yakadyisa kutonga, musanganiswa wemuriwo, uye nyoro mbatatisi zvimedu zvekudya. Nekudaro, iyo Fe neMn zviri mukati memakonye zvakadyisa yakaviriswa chicory mudzi wekudya zvaive zvakasiyana zvakanyanya neaya emakonye ekudya akadyisa boka rekutonga. Kuwedzera kweiyo Fe yemukati kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekuwedzera kwezana kweiyo trace element concentration mune yakanyorova chikafu pachayo. Nekudaro, kunyangwe pakanga pasina misiyano yakakosha muMn concentrations pakati peyakaviriswa chicory midzi neboka rekutonga, Mn mazinga akawedzera mumapere akadyisa chicory midzi yakaviriswa. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti iyo Mn concentration yaive yakakwirira (3-fold) mune yakanyorova mashizha ekudya kwekudya kwehorticulture kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga, asi pakanga pasina misiyano yakakosha mukuumbwa kwebiomass yehonye dzekudya. Musiyano chete pakati pekutonga uye horticulture mashizha aive Cu content, iyo yaive yakaderera mumashizha.
Tafura 4 inoratidza kuwanda kwesimbi inorema inowanikwa mumasubstrates. European yakanyanya kuwanda kwePb, Cd uye Cr mukudya kwakakwana kwemhuka yakashandurwa kuita mg / 100 g yakaoma nyaya uye yakawedzerwa kuTafura 4 kuti ifambise kuenzanisa nekuisa kunowanikwa mumativi hova47.
Hapana Pb yakaonekwa mukutonga mvura yekudya, misanganiswa yemiriwo kana bran yembatatisi, nepo mashizha ebindu aive ne0.002 mg Pb/100 g DM uye yakaviriswa chicory midzi yaive nepamusoro-soro ye0.041 mg Pb/100 g DM. C kutariswa kwekudya kwekudzora uye mashizha ebindu aifananidzwa (0.023 uye 0.021 mg / 100 g DM), nepo iwo aive akaderera mumisanganiswa yemiriwo uye mbatatisi bran (0.004 uye 0.007 mg / 100 g DM). Kuenzaniswa nemamwe ma substrates, Cr concentration mu fermented chicory midzi yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru (0.135 mg / 100 g DM) uye katanhatu yakakwirira kudarika mukudya kwekutonga. Cd haina kuwanikwa murukova rwekutonga kana chero mativi erukova akashandiswa.
Zviyero zvepamusoro zvePb neCr zvakawanikwa mumakonye akadyiswa midzi yechicory yakaviriswa. Nekudaro, Cd haina kuwonekwa mune chero makonye ehupfu.
Ongororo yemhando yemafuta acids mumafuta asina kuchena yakaitwa kuti ione kana iyo fatty acid profil yemakonye ehupfu inogona kukanganiswa nezvikamu zvakasiyana zve lateral rwizi rwavakadyiswa. Kugoverwa kweaya fatty acids kunoratidzwa muTebhura 5. Mafuta acids akanyorwa nezita rawo rinozivikanwa uye chimiro chemolecular (chinosarudzwa se "Cx: y", apo x inofananidzwa nenhamba yeatomu yekabhoni uye y kunhamba yezvisungo zvisingasviki. )
Iyo fatty acid profile ye mealworms yakadyiswa mbatatisi shreds yakashandurwa zvakanyanya. Vaiva nepamusoro-soro yakawanda ye myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitic acid (C16: 0), palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), uye oleic acid (C18: 1). Concentrations ye pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0), linoleic acid (C18: 2), uye linolenic acid (C18: 3) yakanga yakaderera zvikuru kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe honye dzekudya. Kuenzaniswa nemamwe fatty acid profiles, chiyero cheC18: 1 kusvika kuC18: 2 yakadzoserwa mumatato shreds. Mealworms yakadyisa mashizha ehorticultural aiva nehuwandu hwepentadecanoic acid (C15: 0) kupfuura mahonye ezvokudya akadyisa zvimwe zvokudya zvakanyorova.
Fatty acids yakakamurwa kuita saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), uye polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Tafura 5 inoratidza kutariswa kweaya mafuta acid mapoka. Pakazere, iwo fatty acid profiles yemakonye ehupfu akadyiswa marara embatatisi aive akasiyana zvakanyanya nekutonga uye mamwe mativi hova. Kune rimwe nerimwe boka remafuta acid, makonye akadyiswa mbatatisi machipisi aive akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mamwe mapoka ese. Maive neSFA neMUFA yakawanda uye shoma PUFA.
Pakanga pasina misiyano yakakosha pakati pehuwandu hwekupona uye huwandu hwegoho huremu hwemakonye akazvarwa pazvikamu zvakasiyana. Huwandu hwepakati hwekupona hwaive 90%, uye huremu hwese hwegoho hwaive 974 gramu. Mealworms zvinobudirira kugadzira ne-zvakagadzirwa senzvimbo yekunyorova chikafu. Mealworm wet feed account inodarika hafu yehuremu hwekudya (yakaoma + yakanyorova). Kutsiva miriwo mitsva nezvigadzirwa zvekurima sekudya kwechinyakare kune zvakanakira hupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza pakurima makonye.
Tafura 1 inoratidza kuti biomass kuumbwa kwehonye dzehupfu dzakasimudzwa pakudya kwekudzora dzaive dzinenge 72% mwando, 5% madota, 19% lipid, 51% protein, 8% chitin, uye 18% yakaoma nyaya seasina-fibrous carbohydrates. Izvi zvinofananidzwa netsika dzakataurwa mumabhuku.48,49 Zvisinei, zvimwe zvikamu zvinogona kuwanikwa mumabhuku, kazhinji zvichienderana nekuongorora nzira inoshandiswa. Semuenzaniso, takashandisa nzira yeKjeldahl kuti titarise crude protein content ine N kusvika P ratio ye5.33, nepo vamwe vatsvakurudzi vachishandisa reshiyo yakashandiswa zvikuru ye6.25 yenyama nefood samples.50,51
Kuwedzerwa kwezvimedu zvembatatisi (chikafu chakanyorova chine carbohydrates) pakudya kwakakonzera kupetwa kwemafuta ari muhonye dzehupfu. Iyo carbohydrate yemukati yembatatisi inotarisirwa kuve yakanyanya starch, nepo agar ine shuga (polysaccharides) 47,48. Kuwana uku kwakasiyana neimwe ongororo yakawana kuti mafuta emukati akadzikira apo makonye echikafu akadyiswa chikafu chakawedzerwa nembatatisi yakasvuurwa iyo yaive yakaderera muprotein (10.7%) uye yakanyanya starch (49.8%) 36. Apo pomace yemuorivhi yakawedzerwa pakudya, mapuroteni uye makhahydrates zviri mukati mehonye yezvokudya zvakafananidzwa nezvokudya zvakanyorova, asi mafuta anoramba asina kuchinja35. Kusiyana neizvi, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti mapuroteni emukati memakonye akarerwa muhova dzemumativi anochinja zvakanyanya, sezvinoita mafuta ari mukati22,37.
Yakaviriswa chicory midzi yakawedzera zvakanyanya madota ehupfu hwemakonye (Tafura 1). Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pemhedzisiro yezvakagadzirwa pamadota uye mineral kuumbwa kwehonye yehupfu inogumira. Zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo zvekudyisa zveproduct zvakatarisa pamafuta uye mapuroteni emukati memakonye pasina kuongorora madota emukati21,35,36,38,39. Nekudaro, apo madota emukati mezvipembenene zvakadyiswa byproducts akaongororwa, kuwedzera kwemadota kwakawanikwa. Semuyenzaniso, kudyisa marara emakonye egadheni kwakawedzera madota kubva pa3.01% kusvika pa5.30%, uye kuwedzera tsvina yemavise pakudya kwakawedzera madota kubva pa1.87% kusvika 4.40%.
Kunyangwe zvese zvekudya zvakanyorova zvakasiana zvakanyanya mukufungidzira kwavo kuumbwa (Tafura 1), misiyano yekuumbwa kwebiomass yemakonye ehupfu yakadyisa iwo akasarudzika emvura ekudya masosi aive madiki. Makonye ehupfu chete akadyiswa machunks embatatisi kana midzi yechicory yakaviriswa airatidza shanduko huru. Imwe tsananguro inogoneka yemhedzisiro iyi ndeyekuti kuwedzera kune chicory midzi, mbatatisi chunks yakaviriswa zvishoma (pH 4.7, Tafura 1), zvichiita kuti starch / makabhohaidhiretsi awedzere kudyiwa / kuwanikwa kumakonye ehupfu. Kuti makonye ehupfu anogadzira sei lipids kubva kune zvinovaka muviri zvakaita semakabhohaidhiretsi zvinofadza zvikuru uye zvinofanirwa kuongororwa zvizere muzvidzidzo zvinotevera. Chidzidzo chekare pamusoro pemigumisiro yezvokudya zvakanyorova pH pakukura kwehonye yehupfu yakagumisa kuti hapana misiyano inokosha yakaonekwa pakushandisa agar blocks nezvokudya zvakanyorova pamusoro pe pH ye 3 kusvika 9. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kudya kwakaviriswa kwemvura kunogona kushandiswa kune tsika ye Tenebrio molitor53. Zvakafanana naCoudron et al.53, kuedza kuedza kwakashandiswa agar blocks muzvokudya zvakanyorova zvakapiwa nokuti vakanga vasina kukwana mumaminerari uye zvokudya. Chidzidzo chavo hachina kuongorora mhedzisiro yezvakawanda zvinovaka muviri zvakanyorova zvekudya zvakaita semiriwo kana mbatatisi pakuvandudza digestibility kana bioavailability. Zvimwe zvidzidzo pamusoro pemigumisiro yekuvirisa kwemvura yekudya pahonye yehupfu inodiwa kuti uenderere mberi nekuongorora dzidziso iyi.
Iko kugoverwa kwemaminerari yekutonga mealworm biomass inowanikwa muchidzidzo ichi (Tables 2 uye 3) inofananidzwa nehuwandu hwemacro- uye micronutrients inowanikwa mumabhuku48,54,55. Kupa makonye ehupfu ane yakaviriswa chicory mudzi semvura yekudya sosi inowedzera mamineral content. Kunyangwe akawanda macro- uye mamicronutrients aive akakwira mumisanganiswa yemiriwo uye mashizha ebindu (Matafura 2 ne3), haana kukanganisa mamineral emukati mehudyu biomass kusvika pamwero wakafanana nemidzi yechicory yakaviriswa. Imwe tsananguro inogoneka ndeyekuti chikafu chiri mubindu re alkaline mashizha hachina bioavailable pane iyo mune imwe, yakawanda acidic wet kudya (Table 1). Ongororo dzakapfuura dzakadyisa makonye emupunga neshanga yakaviriswa ndokuona kuti akakura zvakanaka murukova urwu uye zvakaratidzawo kuti kufanorapwa kwesubstrate nekuvirisa kwakakonzera kutora kudya kunovaka muviri. 56 Kushandiswa kwemidzi yechicory yakaviriswa kwakawedzera Ca, Fe neMn zviri mukati mehonye yehupfu. Kunyangwe iyi sidestream yaivewo nepamusoro-soro yemamwe mamineral (P, Mg, K, Na, Zn uye Cu), zvicherwa izvi zvaive zvisina kunyanya kuwanda muhupfu hwehupfu zvichienzaniswa nekutonga, zvichiratidza kusarudzwa kwemaminerari kutora. Kuwedzera zviri mukati mezvicherwa izvi mune mealworm biomass ine hutano kukosha kwechikafu uye chikafu chinangwa. Calcium iminerari yakakosha inoita basa rakakosha mukuita neuromuscular uye akawanda enzyme-mediated maitiro akadai sekuvhara ropa, mapfupa uye mazino kuumbwa. 57,58 Kushaikwa kwesimbi idambudziko rakajairika munyika dzichiri kusimukira, vana, vakadzi, uye vakwegura kazhinji vasingawane iron yakakwana kubva mukudya kwavo. 54 Kunyangwe manganese iri chinhu chakakosha mukudya kwevanhu uye ichiita basa repakati mukushanda kwemaenzayimu mazhinji, kunwa zvakanyanya kunogona kuve muchetura. Mazinga epamusoro emanganese mumakonye akadyiswa chicory mudzi akanga asina hanya uye aifananidzwa neaya ari muhuku. 59
Huwandiro hwesimbi inorema inowanikwa mujinga merwizi rwaive pazasi pemiyero yeEurope yekudya kwakakwana kwemhuka. Heavy metal analysis yemakonye ehupfu yakaratidza kuti mazinga ePb neCr akanga akakwirira zvikuru mumakonye ezvokudya akadyiswa nemidzi ye chicory yakaviriswa kupfuura muboka rekutonga uye mamwe ma substrates (Table 4). Chicory midzi inokura muvhu uye inozivikanwa kuti inotora simbi inorema, nepo mamwe maturu anobva mukugadzirwa kwechikafu kwevanhu. Mealworms akadyiswa neyakaviriswa chicory mudzi zvakare aive nemazinga epamusoro ePb neCr (Tafura 4). Iyo yakaverengerwa bioaccumulation factor (BAF) yaive 2.66 yePb uye 1.14 yeCr, kureva yakakura kupfuura 1, zvichiratidza kuti makonye ehupfu anokwanisa kuunganidza simbi dzinorema. Nezve Pb, EU inoisa huwandu hwePb hwehuwandu hwe 0.10 mg pa kilogram ye nyama itsva yekudya kwevanhu61. Mukuongororwa kwedata rekuedza, huwandu hwePb hwakanyanya hwakawanikwa mune yakaviriswa chicory root mealworms yaive 0.11 mg/100 g DM. Apo kukosha kwakaverengerwa kune yakaoma nyaya ye30.8% yezvipfuyo izvi, zvinyorwa zvePb zvaive 0.034 mg / kg nyaya itsva, iyo yaiva pasi pehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe0.10 mg / kg. Hapana huwandu hwemukati hweCr hunotsanangurwa mumitemo yekudya yeEurope. Cr inowanzowanikwa munharaunda, chikafu uye zvinowedzera zvekudya uye inozivikanwa kuva chikafu chakakosha kuvanhu mune zvishoma zvishoma62,63,64. Ongororo iyi (Tafura 4) inoratidza kuti T. molitor mhunga inogona kuunganidza simbi inorema kana heavy metal iripo mukudya. Nekudaro, mazinga emasimbi anorema anowanikwa mumakonye ehupfu muchidzidzo ichi anoonekwa seakachengeteka kudyiwa nevanhu. Kugara uchitarisisa uye nekungwarira kunokurudzirwa kana uchishandisa mativi hova angave aine simbi inorema sewet feed source yeT. molitor.
Iyo yakawanda yakawanda yemafuta acids muhuwandu hwehupenyu hweT. molitor larvae yaiva palmitic acid (C16: 0), oleic acid (C18: 1), uye linoleic acid (C18: 2) (Tafura 5), iyo inopindirana nezvidzidzo zvekare. paT. molitor. Iyo fatty acid spectrum mhedzisiro inowirirana36,46,50,65. Iyo fatty acid profile yeT. molitor kazhinji ine zvikamu zvishanu zvikuru: oleic acid (C18: 1), palmitic acid (C16: 0), linoleic acid (C18: 2), myristic acid (C14: 0), uye stearic acid. (C18:0). Oleic acid inonzi ndiyo inonyanya kuwanda kwemafuta acid (30-60%) mumakonye ehupfu, inoteverwa nepalmitic acid uye linoleic acid22,35,38,39. Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakaratidza kuti iyi fatty acid profile inokanganiswa nekudya kwegonye rekudya, asi misiyano haiteveri maitiro akafanana nekudya38. Kuenzaniswa nemamwe fatty acid profiles, iyo C18: 1-C18: 2 chiyero mumatabo peelings inodzoserwa. Zvakafanana zvakawanikwa pakuchinja kwefatty acid profile yemakonye akadyiswa mbatatisi yakabikwa36. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti kunyangwe iyo fatty acid profil yemafuta worm inogona kuchinjwa, inoramba iri sosi yakapfuma yeunsaturated fatty acids.
Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora maitiro ekushandisa hova ina dzakasiyana dzeagro-industrial biowaste sekudya kunonyorova pakuumbwa kwemakonye. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaongororwa zvichienderana nehutano hwehutano hwemakonye. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti izvo-zvakagadzirwa zvakashandurwa zvakabudirira kuita mapuroteni-akapfuma biomass (protein yemukati 40.7-52.3%), inogona kushandiswa sechikafu uye chikafu sosi. Pamusoro pezvo, chidzidzo chacho chakaratidza kuti kushandisa izvo-zvakagadzirwa-sekudya kwemvura kunokanganisa kukosha kwekudya kwehupfu hwehupfu. Kunyanya, kupa mhunga ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwemakabhohaidhiretsi (eg kuchekwa kwembatatisi) kunowedzera mafuta adzo uye inoshandura kuumbwa kweasidhi yemafuta: yakaderera yemukati ye polyunsaturated fatty acids uye yakakwirira yehuwandu hwesaturated uye monounsaturated fatty acids, asi kwete kuwanda kweunsaturated fatty acids. . Iwo mafuta acids (monounsaturated + polyunsaturated) achiri kutonga. Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidzawo kuti makonye eupfu anosarudza kuunganidza calcium, iron uye manganese kubva kumativi hova akapfuma mune acidic minerals. Iyo bioavailability yemaminerari inoita kunge ichiita basa rakakosha uye zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinodiwa kuti unzwisise zvizere izvi. Simbi dzinorema dziri muhova dzomumativi dzinogona kuungana mumakonye. Nekudaro, huwandu hwekupedzisira hwePb, Cd uye Cr mularval biomass hwaive pasi pemazinga anogamuchirwa, zvichibvumira aya nzizi dzeparutivi kuti dzishandiswe zvakachengeteka sesosi yekunyorova kwekudya.
Makonye eMealworm akarerwa naRadius (Giel, Belgium) uye Inagro (Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium) paThomas More University of Applied Sciences pa27 °C uye 60% hunyoro hunoenderana. Kuwanda kwehonye dzehupfu dzakarererwa mu 60 x 40 cm yemvura yakadzika yaive 4.17 worms/cm2 (10,000 mealworms). Magonye akatanga kupihwa 2.1 kg yegorosi sechikafu chakaoma patangi rekurera ndokuzowedzerwa sezvinodiwa. Shandisa agar blocks sekudzora kunyorova kwekudya. Kutanga kubva svondo rechina, tanga kudyisa hova dzeparutivi (zvakare sosi yemwando) sechikafu chakanyorova pane agar ad libitum. Hukova hwemapepa hwakaoma parukova rwega ega rwakafanotemerwa uye rwakarekodhwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenzana kwemwando kune tumbuyu twese pamishonga yese. Chikafu chinogoverwa zvakaenzana muterrarium. Magonye anounganidzwa pakabuda zvipukanana zvekutanga muboka rekuedza. Kukohwewa kweLarval kunoitwa pachishandiswa 2 mm diameter mechanical shaker. Kunze kwekuyedzwa kwembatatisi diced. Zvikamu zvihombe zvembatatisi dzakaomeswa zvinopatsanurwa zvakare nekubvumira makonye kuti afambe nemumambure aya achiaunganidza mumatireyi esimbi. Huremu hwegoho rose hunotarwa nekuyera huremu hwegoho rose. Kupona kunoverengerwa nekupatsanura huremu hwegoho rose nehuremu hwegoho. Huremu hweMbuyo hunotarwa nekusarudza makonye angangoita zana uye kupatsanura huremu hwawo hwose nenhamba. Makonye anounganidzwa anofa nenzara kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kuti abudise matumbu awo asati aongororwa. Pakupedzisira, makonye anoongororwa zvakare kuti aparadzanise kubva kune asara. Iwo akaomeswa nechando uye euthanized uye anochengetwa pa -18 ° C kusvika kuongororwa.
Chikafu chakaoma chaiva bran yegorosi (Belgian Molens Joye). Gorosi bran rakafanopepetwa kusvika pakukura kuri pasi pe2 mm. Pamusoro pekudya kwakaoma, makonye ehupfu anodawo chikafu chakanyorova kuchengetedza hunyoro uye zvicherwa zvekuwedzera zvinodiwa nemakonye ehupfu. Wet feed accounts inopfuura hafu yehuwandu hwekudya (yakaoma feed + wet feed). Mukuedza kwedu, agar (Brouwland, Belgium, 25 g/l) yakashandiswa sekudzora kunyorova kwekudya45. Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1, zvigadzirwa zvina zvekurima zvine chikafu chakasiyana chakaedzwa sechikafu chemvura yemakonye ehupfu. Izvi zvinosanganisira (a) mashizha ekurima magaka (Inagro, Belgium), (b) matapiri anochekerera (Duigny, Belgium), (c) midzi yechicory yakaviriswa (Inagro, Belgium) uye (d) michero nemiriwo isina kutengeswa kubva kumaokisheni. . (Belorta, Belgium). Rukova rweparutivi runodimburwa kuita zvidimbu zvinokodzera kushandiswa sechikafu chehonye nyoro.
Agricultural by-products sechikafu chemvura yemakonye; (a) mashizha emubindu kubva pakurima magaka, (b) mbatatisi dzakachekwa, (c) midzi yechicory, (d) muriwo usina kutengeswa paauction uye (e) maagar block. Sezvinodzora.
Kuumbwa kwezvipfuyo uye zvipembenene zvehupfu zvakatemwa katatu (n = 3). Kukurumidza kuongorora, mineral composition, heavy metal content uye fatty acid composition yakaongororwa. Sample homogenized ye250 g yakatorwa kubva kune yakaunganidzwa uye ine nzara, yakaomeswa pa 60 ° C kusvika kune uremu hunogara huripo, pasi (IKA, Tube mill 100) uye yakasefa kuburikidza ne 1 mm sieve. Iwo masampuli akaomeswa akavharirwa mumidziyo yakasviba.
Iyo yakaoma nyaya yemukati (DM) yakatemwa nekuomesa sampuli muchoto pa105 ° C kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana (Memmert, UF110). Iro muzana yezvakaoma zvakaverengerwa zvichienderana nekurasikirwa kwekurema kwemuenzaniso.
Crude ash content (CA) yakatemerwa nekurasikirwa kukuru panguva yekupisa muchoto chemuffle (Nabertherm, L9/11/SKM) pa550°C kwe4 maawa.
Mafuta asina kuchena kana kuti diethyl ether (EE) kubudiswa kwakaitwa ne petroleum ether (bp 40-60 ° C) uchishandisa Soxhlet extraction equipment. Inenge 10 g yemuenzaniso yakaiswa mumusoro wekubvisa uye yakavharwa neceramic wool kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwemuenzaniso. Samples dzakatorwa husiku ne150 ml petroleum ether. Iyo yakatorwa yakatonhodzwa, iyo organic solvent yakabviswa uye yakadzoserwa ne rotary evaporation (Büchi, R-300) pa 300 mbar uye 50 °C. Iyo crude lipid kana ether zvinyorwa zvakatonhodzwa uye kuyerwa pachiyero chekuongorora.
Hurude protein (CP) yemukati yakatemwa nekuongorora nitrogen iripo mumuenzaniso uchishandisa nzira yeKjeldahl BN EN ISO 5983-1 (2005). Shandisa zvakakodzera N kusvika kuP zvinhu kuverenga mapuroteni. Pachikafu chakaoma chakaoma (gorosi bran) shandisa chikamu che6.25. Kudivi rerukova chinhu chinosvika 4.2366 chinoshandiswa uye kumisanganiswa yemiriwo chikamu che4.3967 chinoshandiswa. Mapuroteni asina kuchena ezvipembenene akaverengwa achishandisa N kusvika P factor ye5.3351.
Fiber content yaisanganisira neutral detergent fiber (NDF) determination based on Gerhardt extraction protocol (manual fiber analysis mumabhegi, Gerhardt, Germany) uye van Soest 68 nzira. Nekuda kweNDF kutsunga, 1 g sample yakaiswa mubhegi rakakosha refiber (Gerhardt, ADF/NDF bag) ine girazi liner. Mabhegi efiber akazadzwa nemasamples akatanga kubviswa mafuta nepetroleum ether (boiling point 40–60 °C) ndokuzoomeswa patembiricha yekamuri. Sampu yakasvibiswa yakatorwa neine neutral fiber detergent solution ine heat-stable α-amylase pakuvira kwekushisa kwe 1.5 h. Sampuli dzakazoshambidzwa katatu nemvura inofashaira yakasvibiswa uye yakaomeswa pa105 ° C husiku. Mabhegi akaoma efiber (aine fiber residues) akayerwa achishandisa analytical balance (Sartorius, P224-1S) ndokubva apiswa mumoto muffle furnace (Nabertherm, L9/11/SKM) pa550 ° C kwemaawa mana. Madota akayerwa zvakare uye iyo fiber yemukati yakaverengerwa zvichienderana nekurasikirwa kwehuremu pakati pekuomeswa nekupisa sampuli.
Kuti tione kuti chitin chiri mukati mezvipembenene, takashandisa purogiramu yakagadziridzwa inobva pane crude fiber analysis navan Soest 68. Sample 1 g yakaiswa mubhegi rakakosha refiber (Gerhardt, CF Bag) uye chisimbiso chegirazi. Mienzaniso yakanga yakazara mumabhegi e fiber, yakasvibiswa mu petroleum ether (c. 40-60 ° C) uye yakaomeswa nemhepo. Sampu yakasvibiswa yakatanga kubudiswa neine acidic solution ye 0.13 M sulfuric acid pakupisa kwekushisa kwemaminetsi makumi matatu. Iyo yekubvisa fiber bhegi ine sampuli yakagezwa katatu nemvura inofashaira yakasvibiswa uye ndokuzotorwa ne 0.23 M potassium hydroxide solution ye2 h. Iyo yekubvisa fiber bhegi ine sampuli yakashambidzwa zvakare katatu nemvura inofashaira yakasvibiswa uye yakaomeswa pa105 ° C kwehusiku humwe. Bhegi rakaoma rine fiber residue yakayerwa pachiyero chekuongorora uye yakapiswa mumoto wemoto pa 550 ° C kwemaawa mana. Madota akayerwa uye iyo fiber yemukati yakaverengerwa zvichienderana nekurasikirwa kwehuremu hwesample yakapiswa.
Yese carbohydrate yemukati yakaverengerwa. Non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) kusungirirwa muchikafu kwakaverengwa uchishandisa NDF kuongorora, uye kuiswa kwezvipembenene kwakaverengwa pachitin kuongorora.
Iyo pH yematrix yakatemwa mushure mekutorwa nemvura yakasvibiswa (1: 5 v / v) maererano neNBN EN 15933.
Samples dzakagadzirirwa sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa naBroeckx et al. Mineral profiles yakatemwa uchishandisa ICP-OES (Optima 4300™ DV ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, MA, USA).
Iyo heavy metals Cd, Cr uye Pb yakaongororwa negraphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Thermo Scientific, ICE 3000 series, yakashongedzerwa neGFS furnace autosampler). Inenge 200 mg yesampuli yakagayiwa mu acidic HNO3/HCl (1:3 v/v) vachishandisa microwaves (CEM, MARS 5). Microwave digestion yakaitwa pa 190 ° C ye 25 min pa 600 W. Dilute iyo yakatorwa nemvura ye ultrapure.
Mafuta acids akatemerwa neGC-MS (Agilent Technologies, 7820A GC system ine 5977 E MSD detector). Maererano nenzira yaJoseph naAkman70, 20% BF3 / MeOH mhinduro yakawedzerwa kune methanolic KOH mhinduro uye fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yakawanikwa kubva kune ether extract mushure me esterification. Fatty acids inogona kuonekwa nekuenzanisa nguva dzekuchengeta ne37 FAME musanganiswa mwero (Chemical Lab) kana kuenzanisa yavo MS spectra nemaraibhurari epamhepo senge NIST dhatabhesi. Kuongororwa kwehunhu kunoitwa nekuverenga nzvimbo yepamusoro sechikamu cheiyo yakazara peak nzvimbo yechromatogram.
Ongororo yedata yakaitwa pachishandiswa JMP Pro 15.1.1 software kubva kuSAS (Buckinghamshire, UK). Ongororo yakaitwa pachishandiswa nzira imwe chete yekuongorora kusiyanisa ine nhanho yakakosha ye0.05 uye Tukey HSD seye post hoc test.
Iyo bioaccumulation factor (BAF) yakaverengerwa nekukamura kuunganidzwa kwesimbi inorema mu mealworm larval biomass (DM) nehuwandu hwekudya kwemvura (DM) 43. BAF inopfuura 1 inoratidza kuti heavy metals bioaccumulate kubva kumvura inodya mumakonye.
Iwo madhata akagadzirwa uye/kana akaongororwa panguva yechidzidzo chazvino anowanikwa kubva kumunyori anowirirana pakukumbira zvine musoro.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Tarisiro Yehuwandu Hwenyika 2019: Zvakanakisa (ST/ESA/SER.A/423) (2019).
Cole, MB, Augustine, MA, Robertson, MJ, uye Manners, JM, Sayenzi yekuchengetedza chikafu. NPJ Sci. Zvokudya 2018, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-018-0021-9 (2018).
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