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Ukulima kwezinambuzane yindlela enokwenzeka yokuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yehlabathi yeprotheyini kwaye ngumsebenzi omtsha kwihlabathi laseNtshona apho imibuzo emininzi isala malunga nomgangatho wemveliso kunye nokhuseleko. Izinambuzane zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho olujikelezayo ngokuguqula i-biomass ibe yi-biomass enexabiso. Malunga nesiqingatha sesondlo sentshulube siphuma kwisondlo esimanzi. Oku kunokufumaneka kwi-biowaste, ukwenza ukulima kwezinambuzane kuzinze ngakumbi. Eli nqaku linika ingxelo malunga nokwakhiwa kwesondlo seentshulube zokutya (i-Tenebrio molitor) etyiswa ngezongezo ze-organic ezivela kwiimveliso. Ezi ziquka imifuno engathengiswanga, izilayi zeetapile, iingcambu ze-chicory ezivundisiweyo kunye namagqabi egadi. Ihlolwe ngokuhlalutya ukubunjwa okusondeleyo, iphrofayili ye-fatty acid, i-mineral kunye ne-heavy metal content. I-Mealworms etyiswe izilayi zetapile yayinomthamo wamafutha aphindwe kabini kunye nokwanda kwe-saturated kunye ne-monounsaturated fatty acids. Ukusetyenziswa kwengcambu ye-chicory evutshiweyo kwandisa umxholo wamaminerali kwaye iqokelele isinyithi esinzima. Ukongezelela, ukuxutywa kweeminerali ngumbungu wokutya okhethiweyo, njengoko i-calcium kuphela, i-iron kunye ne-manganese igxininisekile. Ukongezwa kwemixube yemifuno okanye amaqabunga egadi ekudleni akuyi kutshintsha kakhulu iprofayili yesondlo. Ukuqukumbela, umjelo wemveliso wemveliso uguqulwe ngempumelelo waba yiprotein-rich biomass, umxholo wezondlo kunye ne-bioavailability yayo eyaphembelela ukubunjwa kweentshulube zokutya.
Ukukhula kwabantu kulindeleke ukuba kufikelele kwi-9.7 yeebhiliyoni ngo-20501,2 ukubeka uxinzelelo kwimveliso yethu yokutya ukuze simelane nemfuno ephezulu yokutya. Kuqikelelwa ukuba imfuno yokutya iya kunyuka nge-70-80% phakathi ko-2012 kunye no-20503,4,5. Imithombo yendalo esetyenziswayo kwimveliso yokutya yangoku iyaphela, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni i-ecosystem yethu kunye nokubonelela ngokutya. Ukongeza, izixa ezikhulu ze-biomass zichithwa ngokuhambelana nemveliso yokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2050, umthamo wonyaka wenkunkuma yehlabathi uya kufikelela kwi-27 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni, uninzi lwayo yi-bio-waste6,7,8. Ukuphendula le mingeni, izisombululo ezintsha, iindlela zokutya kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwezolimo kunye neenkqubo zokutya ziye zacetywa9,10,11. Enye indlela enjalo kukusebenzisa iintsalela zezinto eziphilayo ukuvelisa izinto eziluhlaza ezifana nezinambuzane ezidliwayo njengemithombo ezinzileyo yokutya kunye nokutya12,13. Ukulima kwezinambuzane kuvelisa igesi ephantsi yegreenhouse kunye nokukhutshwa kweammonia, kufuna amanzi amancinci kunemithombo yeprotheyini eqhelekileyo, kwaye inokuveliswa kwiinkqubo zokufama ezithe nkqo, ezifuna indawo encinci14,15,16,17,18,19. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba izinambuzane ziyakwazi ukuguqula i-biowaste enexabiso eliphantsi ibe yi-biomass eneprotheyini etyebileyo enemixholo eyomileyo efikelela kuma-70%20,21,22. Ngaphaya koko, i-biomass enexabiso eliphantsi okwangoku isetyenziselwa imveliso yamandla, itiphu okanye ukurisayikilishwa kwaye ngoko ayikhuphisani necandelo langoku lokutya kunye nokutya23,24,25,26. Umbungu womgubo (T. molitor)27 uthathwa njengenye yezona ntlobo zithembisayo kwimveliso yokutya kunye nesondlo esikhulu. Zombini izibungu kunye nabantu abadala bondla kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana neemveliso zengqolowa, inkunkuma yezilwanyana, imifuno, iziqhamo, njl. 28,29. Kwimimandla yaseNtshona, i-T. molitor ikhuliswa ekuthinjweni kwinqanaba elincinci, ngokukodwa njengesondlo sezilwanyana zasekhaya ezifana neentaka okanye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo. Okwangoku, amandla abo kwimveliso yokutya kunye nesondlo bafumana ingqalelo engaphezulu30,31,32. Ngokomzekelo, i-T. molitor ivunyiwe ngeprofayili entsha yokutya, kubandakanywa nokusetyenziswa kwiifom ezikhenkcezisiweyo, ezomileyo kunye nomgubo (Umgaqo (EU) No 258/97 kunye noMgaqo (EU) 2015/2283) 33. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso enkulu yezinambuzane zokutya kunye nokutya iseyinto entsha kumazwe aseNtshona. Ishishini lijongene nemingeni efana nezithuba zolwazi malunga nokutya okufanelekileyo kunye nemveliso, umgangatho wesondlo wemveliso yokugqibela, kunye nemiba yokhuseleko efana nokwakhiwa okuyityhefu kunye nobungozi be-microbial. Ngokungafaniyo nokufuya ngokwemveli, ukufuya izinambuzane akunambali efanayo17,24,25,34.
Nangona uphando oluninzi luqhutywe ngexabiso lesondlo seentshulube zokutya, izinto ezichaphazela ixabiso lesondlo sazo azikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba ukutya kwezinambuzane kunokuba nefuthe elithile ekubunjweni kwayo, kodwa akukho mzekelo ocacileyo wafunyanwa. Ukongezelela, ezi zifundo zijolise kwiprotheni kunye ne-lipid components of mealworms, kodwa zineempembelelo ezilinganiselweyo kumacandelo amaminerali21,22,32,35,36,37,38,39,40. Uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukuqonda umthamo wokufunxa izimbiwa. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lugqibe ekubeni imibungu yokutya iradish yayinoxinzelelo oluphakamileyo kancinane lweeminerali ezithile. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziphumo zilinganiselwe kwi-substrate evavanyiweyo, kwaye ezinye iimvavanyo zemizi-mveliso ziyafuneka41. Ukuqokelela kweentsimbi ezinzima (i-Cd, i-Pb, i-Ni, i-As, i-Hg) kwimibungu yokutya iye yaxelwa ukuba ihambelana kakhulu nomxholo wesinyithi we-matrix. Nangona ugxininiso lwesinyithi olufunyenwe kukutya kwisondlo sezilwanyana lungaphantsi kwemida yomthetho42, i-arsenic iye yafunyanwa ukuba i-bioaccumulate kwimibungu ye- mealworm, ngelixa i-cadmium kunye nelothe aziyi-bioaccumulate43. Ukuqonda ifuthe lokutya kwisondlo semisundululu kubalulekile ekusetyenzisweni ngokukhuselekileyo ekutyeni nasekutyeni.
Uphononongo oluthiwe thaca kweli phepha lugxile kwimpembelelo yokusetyenziswa kwemveliso yezolimo njengomthombo wesondlo esimanzi kwisondlo semisundululu. Ukongeza kwisondlo esomileyo, ukutya okumanzi kufuneka kunikwe imibungu. Umthombo wesondlo esimanzi ubonelela ngokufuma okuyimfuneko kwaye usebenza njengesongezelelo sesondlo seentshulube zokutya, ukwandisa izinga lokukhula kunye nobunzima bomzimba obuninzi44,45. Ngokwedatha yethu esemgangathweni yokukhulisa iintshulube kwiprojekthi ye-Interreg-Valusect, isondlo sisonke semibungu siqulethe i-57% yokutya okumanzi. Ngokwesiqhelo, imifuno emitsha (umz. iminqathe) isetyenziswa njengomthombo wesondlo esimanzi35,36,42,44,46. Ukusebenzisa imveliso enexabiso eliphantsi njengemithombo yesondlo esimanzi kuya kuzisa inzuzo ezinzileyo neyoqoqosho kulimo lwezinambuzane17. Iinjongo zolu phononongo yayikuku (1) kuphanda iziphumo zokusebenzisa i-biowaste njengokutya okumanzi kwisondlo semisundululu, (2) ukumisela imixholo ye-macro- kunye ne-micronutrient yombungu okhuliswe kwi-mineral-rich biowaste ukuvavanya ukwenzeka kwe-biowaste. ukuqiniswa kwezimbiwa, kunye (3) nokuvavanya ukhuseleko lwezi mveliso kulimo lwezinambuzane ngokuhlalutya ubukho kunye nokuqokelelana kwezinto ezinzima. iintsimbi Pb, Cd kunye Cr. Olu phononongo luya kubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga neziphumo ze-biowaste supplementation kukutya kombungu womgubo, ixabiso lesondlo kunye nokhuseleko.
Umxholo womcimbi owomileyo kwi-lateral flow wawuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lwe-agar yezondlo ezimanzi. Isiqulatho somba owomileyo kwimixube yemifuno kunye namagqabi egadi wawungaphantsi kwe-10%, ngelixa wawuphezulu kwi-itapile esikiweyo kunye neengcambu ze-chicory ezivundisiweyo (13.4 kunye ne-29.9 g/100 g into entsha, i-FM).
Umxube wemifuno wawunothuthu olukrwada oluphezulu, amanqatha kunye neziqulatho zeprotheyini kunye neziqulatho ezisezantsi ze-non-fibrous carbohydrate kunokutya kokulawula (i-agar), ngelixa umxholo wefayibha yokucoca i-amylase enyangwa ngokungathathi hlangothi wawufana. Umxholo we-carbohydrate wezilayi zeetapile wawuphezulu kuyo yonke imilambo yecala kwaye yayifaniswa ne-agar. Ngokubanzi, ukubunjwa kwayo okukrwada kwakufana kakhulu nokutya kokulawula, kodwa yongezwa ngeeprotheni ezincinci (4.9%) kunye nothuthu olukrwada (2.9%) 47,48. I-pH ye-potato isuka kwi-5 ukuya kwi-6, kwaye kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba lo mjelo wecala letapile une-acidic ngakumbi (4.7). Ingcambu ye-chicory evundiweyo ityebile kuthuthu kwaye yeyona asidi kuyo yonke imijelo esecaleni. Ekubeni iingcambu zazingacocwanga, uninzi lomlotha kulindeleke ukuba lube nesanti (silica). Amagqabi egadi ayekuphela kwemveliso yealkaline xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo kunye neminye imisinga yecala. Iqulethe amanqanaba aphezulu othuthu kunye neprotheyini kunye ne-carbohydrates ephantsi kakhulu kunolawulo. Ubume obukrwada busondele kakhulu kwingcambu ye-chicory evundisiweyo, kodwa i-protein ekrwada iphezulu (15.0%), ethelekiseka nomxholo weprotheyini yomxube wemifuno. Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani lwale datha ingentla lubonise umahluko obonakalayo ekubunjweni okukrwada kunye ne-pH yemisinga esecaleni.
Ukongezwa kwemixube yemifuno okanye amagqabi egadi kwisondlo sentshulube yesidlo akuzange kuchaphazele ukubunjwa kwe-biomass yombungu womgubo xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo (Itheyibhile 1). Ukongezwa kokusikwa kweetapile kukhokelele kowona mahluko ubalulekileyo ekubunjweni kwebhayomass xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo elifumana imibungu yomgubo wengqolowa kunye neminye imithombo yokutya okumanzi. Ngokubhekiselele kumxholo weprotheyini yeentshulube zokutya, ngaphandle kokusikwa kweetapile, ukubunjwa okuqikelelwayo okungafaniyo kwemijelo yecala akuzange kuchaphazele umxholo weprotheyini yombungu. Ukondla iitapile ezisikiweyo njengomthombo wokufuma kukhokelela ekunyukeni kabini kumxholo wamafutha ombungu kunye nokuncipha komxholo weprotheyini, i-chitin, kunye ne-non-fibrous carbohydrates. Ingcambu ye-chicory evundiweyo yonyuse umthamo wothuthu lwemibungu yomgubo ngezihlandlo enye enesiqingatha.
Iiprofayili zezimbiwa zachazwa njengemacromineral (iTheyibhile 2) kunye ne-micronutrient (iTheyibhile 3) kwisondlo esimanzi kunye nebhayomass yombungu womgubo.
Ngokubanzi, i-sidestreams yezolimo yayityebile kwii-macrominerals xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo, ngaphandle kokusikwa kweetapile, ezinomxholo ophantsi we-Mg, i-Na kunye ne-Ca. Ugxininiso lwePotassium lwaluphezulu kuwo onke ama-sidestreams xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo. I-Agar iqulethe i-3 mg / 100 g DM K, ngelixa i-K igxininise kwi-sidestream ukusuka kwi-1070 ukuya kwi-9909 mg / 100 g DM. Umxholo we-Macromineral kumxube wemifuno wawuphezulu kakhulu kuneqela lokulawula, kodwa umxholo we-Na wawuphantsi kakhulu (88 vs. 111 mg / 100 g DM). Ugxininiso lwe-macromineral ekusikeni kweetapile yayiyeyona iphantsi kuyo yonke imijelo esecaleni. Umxholo we-Macromineral ekusikeni kweetapile wawuphantsi kakhulu kuneminye imisinga kunye nokulawula. Ngaphandle kokuba umxholo weMg wawufaniswa neqela lolawulo. Nangona ingcambu ye-chicory evundisiweyo yayingenayo i-macrominerals ephezulu, umxholo wothuthu lwalo mjelo wecala wawuphezulu kuyo yonke imisinga esecaleni. Oku kungenxa yokuba azihlanjululwanga kwaye zinokuqulatha i-silica ephezulu (isanti). Imixholo ye-Na kunye ne-Ca yayithelekiseka naleyo yomxube wemifuno. Ingcambu ye-chicory evundisiweyo iqulethe i-concentration ephezulu ye-Na yayo yonke imisinga esecaleni. Ngaphandle kwe-Na, amagqabi e-horticultural ayeneyona ndawo iphakamileyo yeemacrominerals kuzo zonke ifula ezimanzi. I-concentration ye-K (9909 mg / 100 g DM) yayingamawaka amathathu amaxesha aphezulu kunolawulo (3 mg / 100 g DM) kunye namaxesha angama-2.5 aphezulu kunomxube wemifuno (4057 mg / 100 g DM). Umxholo we-Ca wawuphezulu kuyo yonke imijelo yecala (7276 mg / 100 g DM), amaxesha angama-20 aphezulu kunolawulo (336 mg / 100 g DM) kunye namaxesha angama-14 aphezulu kunoxinzelelo lwe-Ca kwiingcambu ze-chicory ezivutshiweyo okanye umxube wemifuno (530). kunye ne-496 mg / 100 g DM).
Nangona kukho ukungafani okuphawulekayo ekubunjweni kwe-macromineral yokutya (Itheyibhile 2), akukho ntlukwano ebalulekileyo efunyenwe kwi-macromineral composition of mealworms ephakanyiswe kwimixube yemifuno kunye nokulawula ukutya.
Imibungu eyondliwe iitapile imvuthuluka yayinogxininiso oluphantsi kakhulu lwazo zonke ii-macrominerals xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, ngaphandle kwe-Na, eyayinomlinganiselo othelekisekayo. Ukongeza, ukondla iitapile crisp kubangele ukuncipha okukhulu kumxholo we-larval macromineral xa kuthelekiswa namanye amacaleni. Oku kuhambelana nothuthu olusezantsi olubonwa kwimixube ekufutshane nemisundululu. Nangona kunjalo, nangona i-P kunye ne-K yayiphezulu kakhulu koku kudla okumanzi kunamanye ama-sidestreams kunye nolawulo, ukubunjwa kombungu akuzange kubonise oku. Iqondo elisezantsi leCa kunye neMg elifunyenwe kwi-biomass yeentshulube zokutya zinokunxulunyaniswa neCa ne-Mg esezantsi ekhoyo ekutyeni okumanzi ngokwako.
Ukutya iingcambu zechicory ezibilisiweyo kunye namagqabi egadi yeziqhamo kubangele amanqanaba aphezulu ekhalsiyam kunolawulo. Amagqabi eOrchard aqulathe awona manqanaba aphezulu e-P, Mg, K kunye ne-Ca kuzo zonke izidlo ezimanzi, kodwa oku akuzange kubonakaliswe kwi-biomass yentshulube yokutya. Ugxininiso lwe-Na lwalusezantsi kule mibungu, ngelixa ugxininiso lwe-Na lwaluphezulu kumagqabi egadi yeziqhamo kunakwisikwe seetapile. Isiqulatho seCa senyuke kwimibungu (66 mg/100 g DM), kodwa ukugxilwa kweCa bekungekho phezulu kunezo zikwi biomass yentshulube yokutya (79 mg/100 g DM) kulingo lweengcambu ezivundisiweyo ze chicory, nangona ukugxilwa kweCa kwizityalo zamagqabi egadi yeziqhamo Amaxesha angama-14 aphezulu kunengcambu ye-chicory.
Ngokusekelwe kwi-microelement ukubunjwa kokutya okumanzi (Itheyibhile 3), ukubunjwa kwamaminerali omxube wemifuno kwakufana neqela lokulawula, ngaphandle kokuba i-concentration ye-Mn yayiphantsi kakhulu. Ukugxininiswa kwazo zonke ii-microelements ezihlalutyiweyo zaziphantsi ekusikeni kweetapile xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo kunye nezinye iimveliso. Ingcambu ye-chicory evundiweyo iqulethe malunga namaxesha angama-100 esinyithi, amaxesha ama-4 ngaphezulu kobhedu, amaxesha ama-2 ngaphezulu kwe-zinc kunye nomlinganiselo ofanayo we-manganese. Isiqulatho se-zinc kunye ne-manganese kumagqabi ezityalo zegadi yayiphezulu kakhulu kuneqela lolawulo.
Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo ofunyenweyo phakathi kwezinto zokulandela umkhondo wemibungu eyondla ulawulo, umxube wemifuno, kunye nokutya okulahliweyo kweetapile ezimanzi. Nangona kunjalo, imixholo ye-Fe kunye ne-Mn ye-larvae eyondla ukutya kwengcambu ye-chicory ebilisiweyo yahluke kakhulu kuleyo yeentshulube zokutya ezondla iqela lolawulo. Ukunyuka komxholo we-Fe kunokuba ngenxa yokunyuka kwekhulu kwi-trace element yoxinaniso ekutyeni okumanzi ngokwayo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kwakungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo kugxininiso lwe-Mn phakathi kweengcambu ze-chicory ezivundisiweyo kunye neqela lolawulo, amanqanaba e-Mn anyukile kwi-larvae ezondla iingcambu ze-chicory ezivundisiweyo. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba ugxininiso lwe-Mn lwaluphezulu (i-3-fold) kwisidlo samagqabi amanzi okutya kwe-horticulture xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, kodwa kwakungekho mahluko abalulekileyo ekubunjweni kwe-biomass yeentshulube zokutya. Ukwahlukana kuphela phakathi kwamagqabi okulawula kunye ne-horticulture yayingumxholo we-Cu, owawuphantsi kwamagqabi.
Itheyibhile yesi-4 ibonisa ugxininiso lwesinyithi esinzima esifunyenwe kwi-substrates. Amazwe aseYurophu amanqanaba aphezulu e-Pb, i-Cd kunye ne-Cr kwisondlo esipheleleyo sezilwanyana ziguqulelwe kwi-mg / 100 g into eyomileyo kwaye yongezwa kwiThebhile 4 ukuququzelela ukuthelekiswa nokugxininiswa okufunyenwe kwimijelo yecala47.
Akukho Pb yafunyanwa kulawulo lokutya okumanzi, imixube yemifuno okanye iitapile, ngelixa amaqabunga egadi equlethwe yi-0.002 mg Pb / 100 g DM kunye neengcambu ze-chicory ezivundisiweyo ziqulethe i-concentration ephezulu ye-0.041 mg Pb / 100 g DM. Ugxininiso lwe-C kwisondlo sokulawula kunye namagqabi egadi afaniswa (0.023 kunye ne-0.021 mg / 100 g DM), ngelixa bephantsi kwimixube yemifuno kunye neetapile zetapile (0.004 kunye ne-0.007 mg / 100 g DM). Xa kuthelekiswa namanye ama-substrates, i-Cr concentration kwiingcambu ze-chicory ezivutshiweyo zaziphezulu kakhulu (0.135 mg / 100 g DM) kunye namaxesha amathandathu aphezulu kunokutya kokulawula. I-Cd ayizange ibonwe nokuba kumlambo wokulawula okanye nayiphi na imisinga esecaleni esetyenzisiweyo.
Amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu e-Pb kunye ne-Cr afunyenwe kwimibungu etyiswe iingcambu ze-chicory ezibilisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Cd ayizange ifunyanwe kuyo nayiphi na imibungu yombungu.
Uhlalutyo lomgangatho wee-asidi ezinamafutha kumafutha akrwada lwenziwa ukumisela ukuba ingaba iprofayili ye-asidi enamafutha emibungu yomgubo womgubo inokuphenjelelwa ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo omlambo osecaleni apho bondliwa khona. Ukuhanjiswa kwala ma-acids anamafutha kuboniswe kwiThebhile 5. I-fatty acids idweliswe ngegama labo eliqhelekileyo kunye nesakhiwo se-molecular (ekhethwe njenge "Cx: y", apho i-x ihambelana nenani le-athomu ye-carbon kunye ne-y kwinani leebhondi ezingaxutywanga. ).
Inkangeleko yeasidi enamafutha eentshulube ezityiswe iitapile zatshintshwa kakhulu. Ziqulethe ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu le-myristic acid (C14: 0), i-palmitic acid (C16: 0), i-palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), kunye ne-oleic acid (C18: 1). Ukugxininiswa kwe-pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0), i-linoleic acid (C18: 2), kunye ne-linolenic acid (C18: 3) yayiphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintshulube zokutya. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iiprofayili ze-fatty acid, umlinganiselo we-C18: 1 ukuya kwi-C18: i-2 yatshintshwa kwi-potato shreds. I-Mealworms yondla amagqabi e-horticultural iqulethe ixabiso eliphezulu le-pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0) kuneentshulube zokutya ezondla ezinye izidlo ezimanzi.
I-fatty acids ihlulwe ibe yi-saturated fatty acids (SFA), i-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), kunye ne-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Itheyibhile yesi-5 ibonisa ugxininiso lwala maqela e-asidi enamafutha. Lilonke, iiprofayili zeasidi ezinamafutha zemibungu yokutya inkunkuma yetapile zahluke kakhulu kulawulo kunye neminye imisinga esecaleni. Kwiqela ngalinye le-asidi enamafutha, iintshulube ezityiswa iitshiphusi zetapile zahluke kakhulu kuwo onke amanye amaqela. Zaziqulathe ngaphezulu kwe-SFA kunye ne-MUFA kunye ne-PUFA encinci.
Kwakungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwezinga lokusinda kunye nobunzima besivuno esipheleleyo sombungu okhuliswe kwii-substrates ezahlukeneyo. Umyinge oqhelekileyo wokusinda wawungama-90%, kwaye ubunzima besivuno obuphakathi bebonke bebuyi-974 grams. Iintshulube zeMealworms zisebenza ngempumelelo kwiimveliso eziphuma kwimveliso njengomthombo wesondlo esimanzi. Ukutya okumanzi kwe-Mealworm kubalela ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sobunzima bokutya bubonke (obumileyo + bumanzi). Ukutshintsha imifuno emitsha ngemveliso yezolimo njengokutya okumanzi kwesintu kuneengenelo zoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo ekulimeni iintshulube.
Itheyibhile yoku-1 ibonisa ukuba i-biomass yokwakhiwa kwemibungu yomgubo okhuliswe ekulawuleni ukutya yayimalunga ne-72% yokufuma, i-5% yothuthu, i-19% ye-lipid, i-51% yeprotheyini, i-8% ye-chitin, kunye ne-18% yezinto ezomileyo njenge-non-fibrous carbohydrates. Oku kuthelekiseka nemilinganiselo echazwe kuncwadi.48,49 Nangona kunjalo, amanye amacandelo anokufumaneka kuncwadi, ngokufuthi kuxhomekeke kwindlela yohlalutyo esetyenziswayo. Ngokomzekelo, sasebenzisa indlela ye-Kjeldahl ukumisela umxholo weprotheyini ekrwada kunye ne-N ukuya kwi-P ratio ye-5.33, ngelixa abanye abaphandi basebenzisa umlinganiselo osetyenziswa kakhulu we-6.25 wenyama kunye neesampuli zokutya.50,51
Ukongezwa kokulahlwa kwetapile (ukutya okumanzi okutyebile ngecarbohydrates) ekutyeni kukhokelele ekuphindaphindweni kwamafutha eentshulube. Isiqulatho sekhabhohayidrethi kwiitapile siya kulindeleka ukuba siqulathe istatshi, ngelixa iagar ineswekile (polysaccharides)47,48. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuchasene nolunye uphononongo olufumene ukuba umthamo wamafutha wehla xa iintshulube zokutya zityiswa ukutya okudityaniswe neetapile eziqhutyelwe ngumphunga ezaziphantsi kwiprotheyini (10.7%) kunye nesitatshi esiphezulu (49.8%)36. Xa i-olive pomace yongezwa ekudleni, iiprotheyini kunye ne-carbohydrates content of mealworms zifana nezokutya okumanzi, ngelixa umxholo we-fat uhlala ungatshintshi35. Ngokwahlukileyo, olunye uphando lubonise ukuba umxholo weprotheyini ye-larvae ekhuliswe kwimisinga esecaleni ifumana utshintsho olusisiseko, njengoko kwenza umxholo we-fat22,37.
Ingcambu ye-chicory evundiweyo yandise kakhulu umthamo wothuthu lwemibungu ye- mealworm (Itheyibhile 1). Uphando malunga nemiphumo ye-byproducts kwi-ash kunye ne-mineral composition of mealworm larvae ilinganiselwe. Uninzi lwezifundo zokondla ngeproduct zijolise kumafutha kunye nomxholo weprotheyini yezibungu ngaphandle kokuhlalutya umxholo womlotha21,35,36,38,39. Nangona kunjalo, xa isiqulatho sothuthu lwemibungu esondliwe yimveliso yahlalutywa, ukwanda komxholo wothuthu kwafunyanwa. Umzekelo, ukutyisa inkunkuma yasegadini yeentshulube zomgubo kunyuse umthamo wothuthu ukusuka kwi-3.01% ukuya kwi-5.30%, kwaye ukongeza inkunkuma yevatala ekutyeni kunyuse umthamo wothuthu ukusuka kwi-1.87% ukuya kwi-4.40%.
Nangona yonke imithombo yokutya emanzi yahluka kakhulu ekubunjweni kwayo okuqikelelweyo (Itheyibhile 1), iyantlukwano ekubunjweni kwebhayomass yemibungu yomgubo wondla imithombo eyahlukeneyo yokutya emanzi yayincinci. Kuphela yimibungu yomgubo otyiswe amagaqa eetapile okanye ingcambu yechicory evundisiweyo ebonise utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Enye ingcaciso enokwenzeka yesi siphumo kukuba ukongeza kwiingcambu ze-chicory, amagaqa eetapile nawo avundisiwe ngokuyinxenye (pH 4.7, iTheyibhile 1), nto leyo eyenza isitatshi/ikhabhohayidrethi zigaywe ngakumbi/zifumaneke kwimibungu yokutya. Indlela umbungu womgubo odibanisa ngayo ilipids kwizondlo ezifana neecarbohydrates unomdla omkhulu kwaye kufuneka uphononongwe ngokupheleleyo kwizifundo ezizayo. Uphononongo lwangaphambili malunga nefuthe lokutya okumanzi pH ekukhuleni kombungu wesidlo sagqiba ukuba akukho mehluko ubalulekileyo oye wabonwa xa kusetyenziswa iibhloko ze-agar kunye nokutya okumanzi ngaphezulu koluhlu lwe-pH lwe-3 ukuya kwe-9. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukutya okumanzi okuvundisiweyo kunokusetyenziswa kwi-culture Tenebrio molitor53 . Ngokufana noCoudron et al.53, iimvavanyo zokulawula zisetyenziselwa iibhloko ze-agar kwizidlo ezimanzi ezibonelelweyo ngenxa yokuba zazinqongophele kwiiminerali kunye nezondlo. Uphononongo lwabo aluzange luhlolisise isiphumo semithombo yokutya emanzi eyohlukeneyo enezondlo ezifana nemifuno okanye iitapile ekuphuculeni ukugaya okanye ukufumaneka kwe-bioavailability. Uphononongo olongezelelweyo ngeziphumo zokubiliswa kwemithombo yokutya emanzi kwimibungu ye- mealworm iyafuneka ukuphonononga ngakumbi le ithiyori.
Ukuhanjiswa kwamaminerali kwi-biomass yolawulo lwe- mealworm efunyenwe kolu cwaningo (Iitheyibhile 2 kunye ne-3) ifaniswa noluhlu lwe-macro- kunye ne-micronutrients efunyenwe kwiincwadi48,54,55. Ukubonelela ngemisundululu enengcambu evundisiweyo yechicory njengomthombo wokutya okumanzi kwandisa isiqulatho sayo seminerali. Nangona uninzi lwe-macro- kunye ne-micronutrients yayiphezulu kwimixube yemifuno kunye namagqabi egadi (Itheyibhile 2 kunye ne-3), azizange zichaphazele isiqulatho seminerali ye-biomass ye- mealworm kumlinganiselo ofanayo neengcambu ze-chicory ezibilisiweyo. Enye inkcazo enokwenzeka kukuba izondlo kumagqabi egadi ye-alkaline angaphantsi kwe-bioavailable kunezinye, ukutya okumanzi okune-acidic (Itheyibhile 1). Uphononongo lwangaphambili londla imibungu yombungu ngedidi yerayisi enegwele kwaye yafumanisa ukuba ikhule kakuhle kulo mjelo wasecaleni kwaye yabonisa nokuba unyango lwangaphambili lwe-substrate ngokuvundiswa lubangela ukufunxa izondlo. 56 Ukusetyenziswa kweengcambu zechicory ezivundisiweyo zonyuse iCa, Fe kunye neMn iziqulatho zebhayomass yombungu. Nangona le sidestream nayo iqulethe ukugxilwa okuphezulu kwezinye iiminerali (P, Mg, K, Na, Zn kunye ne-Cu), ezi zimbiwa zazingekho kakhulu kakhulu kwi-biomass ye- mealworm yokutya xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, ebonisa ukukhetha kokuthathwa kwezimbiwa. Ukonyusa isiqulatho sezi minerali kwi-biomass ye- mealworm kunexabiso lesondlo kwiinjongo zokutya nezokutya. I-calcium iyiminerali ebalulekileyo edlala indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi we-neuromuscular kunye neenkqubo ezininzi ze-enzyme-mediated ezifana ne-blood clotting, ithambo kunye nokwakheka kwezinyo. 57,58 Ukunqongophala kwe-iron yingxaki eqhelekileyo kumazwe asakhasayo, abantwana, abafazi, kunye nabantu abadala ngokufuthi abangayifumani ngokwaneleyo i-iron ekutyeni kwabo. 54 Nangona i-manganese iyinto ebalulekileyo ekutyeni komntu kwaye idlala indima engundoqo ekusebenzeni kwee-enzymes ezininzi, ukuthathwa ngokugqithisileyo kunokuba yityhefu. Amanqanaba aphezulu emanganese kwiintshulube etyiswe ingcambu yechicory ebilisiweyo ayengakhathali kwaye ayethelekiseka nalawo akwiinkukhu. 59
Uxinzelelo lwesinyithi esinzima esifunyenwe kumjelo osecaleni sasingaphantsi kwemigangatho yaseYurophu yokutya okupheleleyo kwezilwanyana. Uhlalutyo lwesinyithi esinzima semibungu yomgubo ibonise ukuba amanqanaba e-Pb kunye ne-Cr ayephezulu kakhulu kwiintshulube zokutya ezityiswa ngeengcambu ze-chicory ezivundisiweyo kuneqela lolawulo kunye nezinye ii-substrates (Itheyibhile 4). Iingcambu zeChicory zikhula emhlabeni kwaye zaziwa ngokufunxa isinyithi esinzima, ngelixa ezinye iindawo ezisecaleni ziphuma kwimveliso elawulwayo yokutya. Imisundululu etyiswe ngengcambu ye-chicory evundisiweyo nayo inamazinga aphezulu e-Pb kunye ne-Cr (Itheyibhile 4). Izinto ezibaliweyo ze-bioaccumulation (BAF) yayiyi-2.66 ye-Pb kunye ne-1.14 ye-Cr, okt ingaphezulu kuno-1, ebonisa ukuba iintshulube zomgubo ziyakwazi ukuqokelela iintsimbi ezinzima. Ngokumalunga ne-Pb, i-EU ibeka umxholo ophezulu we-Pb we-0.10 mg ngekhilogram yenyama entsha yokusetyenziswa komntu61. Kuvavanyo lwethu lwedatha yovavanyo, ubuninzi boxinzelelo lwe-Pb olufunyenwe kwi-chicory root mealworms evundisiweyo yayingu-0.11 mg/100 g DM. Xa ixabiso liguqulwa libe ngumxholo owomileyo we-30.8% kule mibungu yokutya, umxholo we-Pb wawuyi-0.034 mg / kg into entsha, eyayingaphantsi komgangatho ophezulu we-0.10 mg / kg. Akukho mxholo we-Cr uphezulu uchazwe kwimimiselo yokutya yaseYurophu. I-Cr ifumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo kwindalo, ukutya kunye nezongezo zokutya kwaye iyaziwa njengesondlo esibalulekileyo kubantu kwiimali ezincinci62,63,64. Olu hlalutyo (Itheyibhile 4) lubonisa ukuba imibungu ye-T. molitor inokuqokelela iintsimbi ezinzima xa kukho isinyithi esinzima ekutyeni. Nangona kunjalo, amanqanaba eentsimbi ezinzima afunyenwe kwi-biomass ye- mealworm kolu phononongo athathwa njengekhuselekile ukuba angasetyenziswa ngabantu. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo nangenyameko kuyacetyiswa xa usebenzisa imisinga esecaleni enokuthi iqulathe isinyithi esinzima njengomthombo wesondlo esimanzi se-T. molitor.
I-fatty acids eninzi kakhulu kwi-biomass iyonke ye-T. molitor larvae yayiyi-palmitic acid (C16: 0), i-oleic acid (C18: 1), kunye ne-linoleic acid (C18: 2) (iThebhile 5), ehambelana nezifundo zangaphambili. kwi-T. molitor. Iziphumo ze-fatty acid spectrum ziyahambelana36,46,50,65. Iprofayili ye-fatty acid ye-T. molitor ngokubanzi iqulethe amacandelo amahlanu amakhulu: i-oleic acid (C18: 1), i-palmitic acid (C16: 0), i-linoleic acid (C18: 2), i-myristic acid (C14: 0), kunye ne-stearic acid. (C18:0). I-Oleic acid ichazwa njengeyona nto ininzi i-fatty acid (30-60%) kwimibungu yokutya, ilandelwa yi-palmitic acid kunye ne-linoleic acid22,35,38,39. Uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba le profayili ye-asidi enamafutha iphenjelelwa kukutya kombungu wesidlo, kodwa umahluko awulandeli iindlela ezifanayo kunye nokutya38. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iiprofayili ze-fatty acid, i-C18: 1-C18: i-2 ratio kwi-potato peelings iguqulwa. Iziphumo ezifanayo zafunyanwa kutshintsho kwiprofayili ye-asidi enamafutha kwimibungu yokutya etyiswe iitapile eziqhumayo36. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba nangona iprofayili ye-fatty acid yeoyile ye- mealworm inokuguqulwa, isengumthombo ocebileyo we-unsaturated fatty acids.
Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya isiphumo sokusebenzisa imijelo emine eyahlukeneyo ye-agro-industrial biowaste njengesondlo esimanzi ekubunjweni kweentshulube zokutya. Impembelelo yavavanywa ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lesondlo sombungu. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba imveliso yaguqulwa ngempumelelo ibe yi-biomass eneprotheyini etyebileyo (iprotein content 40.7-52.3%), enokusetyenziswa njengomthombo wokutya kunye nokutya. Ukongeza, uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukusebenzisa iimveliso eziphuma kwimveliso njengokutya okumanzi kuchaphazela ixabiso lesondlo se-biomass ye- mealworm. Ngokukodwa, ukubonelela ngemibungu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwekhabhohayidrethi (umz. ukusikwa kweitapile) kwandisa umthamo wabo wamafutha kunye nokutshintsha ukwakheka kwe-asidi enamafutha: umxholo ophantsi we-polyunsaturated fatty acids kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-saturated kunye ne-monounsaturated fatty acids, kodwa hayi ukugxila kwe-unsaturated fatty acids. . I-acids enamafutha (i-monounsaturated + polyunsaturated) isalawula. Uphononongo lukwabonise ukuba iintshulube zokutya ziqokelela i-calcium, i-iron kunye ne-manganese ngokukhethayo ukusuka kumilambo osecaleni otyebileyo kwiiminerali ezineasidi. I-bioavailability yeeminerali ibonakala idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwaye izifundo ezongezelelweyo ziyafuneka ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo oku. Iintsimbi ezinzima ezikhoyo kwimijelo esecaleni zinokuqokelelana kwimisundululu. Nangona kunjalo, ugxininiso lokugqibela lwe-Pb, i-Cd kunye ne-Cr kwi-larval biomass yayingaphantsi kwamanqanaba amkelekileyo, ivumela le misinga esecaleni ukuba isetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo njengomthombo wesondlo esimanzi.
Umbungu weMealworm wakhuliswa yiRadius (Giel, Belgium) kunye ne-Inagro (Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium) kwiYunivesithi yaseThomas More yeSayensi eziSetyenzisiweyo kuma-27 °C kunye nama-60% okufuma okuhambelanayo. Ubuninzi bemisundululu ekhuliswe kwi-aquarium eyi-60 x 40 cm yayiyi-4.17 worms/cm2 (10,000 mealworms). Imibungu yaqale yondliwa i-2.1 kg yengqolowa yengqolowa njengokutya okomileyo kwitanki yokukhulisela enye emva koko yongezwa njengoko kufuneka. Iibhloko ze-agar zazisetyenziswa njengolawulo lokutya okumanzi. Ukususela kwiveki yesi-4, imijelo esecaleni (ekwangumthombo wokufuma) yondliwa njengokutya okumanzi endaweni ye-agar ad libitum. Ipesenti yezinto ezomileyo kumjelo ngamnye osecaleni yamiselwa kwangaphambili kwaye yarekhodwa ukuqinisekisa umlinganiselo olinganayo wokufuma kuzo zonke izinambuzane kunyango. Ukutya kuhanjiswa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke i-terrarium. Imibungu iqokelelwa xa iipupae zokuqala zivela kwiqela lovavanyo. Ukuvunwa kwemibungu kwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-2 mm diameter ye-shaker yomatshini. Ngaphandle kovavanyo lwedayisi letapile. Iindawo ezinkulu zetapile ezomisiweyo ezidayiweyo nazo zohlulwa ngokuvumela imibungu ukuba irhubuluze kwesi sihluzo kwaye iziqokelele kwitreyi yentsimbi. Ubunzima besivuno bubonke bumiselwa ngokuveyisha ubunzima bubonke besivuno. Ukusinda kubalwa ngokwahlula ubunzima besivuno bubonke ngobunzima bombungu. Ubunzima bombungu bumiselwa ngokukhetha ubuncinane imibungu eyi-100 kunye nokwahlula ubunzima bayo bubonke ngenani. Imibungu eqokelelweyo iyalamba kangangeeyure ezingama-24 ukuze ikhuphe amathumbu ayo phambi kokuba ihlalutywe. Okokugqibela, imibungu iyajongwa kwakhona ukuze yahlule kwintsalela. Ziyi-ethanased kwaye zigcinwe kwi -18 ° C de kube uhlalutyo.
Ukutya okomileyo kwakuyingqolowa yengqolowa (i-Belgian Molens Joye). Ingqolowa yengqolowa yahluzwa kwangaphambili ukuya kwi-particle ubukhulu obungaphantsi kwe-2 mm. Ukongeza kwisondlo esomileyo, imibungu yomgubo ifuna ukutya okumanzi ukugcina ukufuma kunye nezongezo zeminerali ezifunwa yimisundululu. Ukutya okumanzi kubalela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesondlo sisonke (ukutya okomileyo + ukondla okumanzi). Kwiimvavanyo zethu, i-agar (i-Brouwland, iBelgium, i-25 g / l) isetyenziswe njengokulawula ukutya okumanzi45. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, iimveliso ezine zezolimo ezineziqulatho ezahlukeneyo zezondlo ziye zavavanywa njengesondlo esimanzi semibungu yomgubo. Ezi mveliso ziphuma kwimveliso ziquka (a) amagqabi okulima icucumber (Inagro, Belgium), (b) iitapile trimmings (Duigny, Belgium), (c) fermented chicory roots (Inagro, Belgium) kunye (d) neziqhamo ezingathengiswanga kunye nemifuno evela kwifandesi. . (Belorta, eBelgium). Umjelo osecaleni unqunyulwa ube ngamaqhekeza alungele ukusetyenziswa njengokutya kwentshulube emanzi.
Iimveliso zezolimo njengesondlo esimanzi seentshulube zomgubo; (a) amagqabi egadi ekulinyweni kwe cucumber, (b) iitapile ezigawulweyo, (c) iingcambu zechicory, (d) imifuno engathengiswanga kwifandesi kunye (e) neebloko zeagar. Njengolawulo.
Ukubunjwa kwesondlo kunye nemibungu yokutya kunqunywe kathathu (n = 3). Uhlalutyo olukhawulezayo, ukubunjwa kwamaminerali, umxholo wensimbi enzima kunye ne-fatty acid composition yavavanywa. Isampuli ye-homogenized ye-250 g ithathwe kwi-larvae eqokelelweyo nelambileyo, yomiswa kwi-60 ° C ukuya kubunzima obuqhubekayo, umhlaba (IKA, i-Tube mill 100) kwaye ihlulwe nge-1 mm yesisefu. Iisampulu ezomisiweyo zavalwa kwizikhongozeli ezimnyama.
Umxholo obomileyo (DM) unqunywe ngokumisa iisampulu kwi-oven kwi-105 ° C kwiiyure ezingama-24 (Memmert, UF110). Ipesenti yento eyomileyo ibalwa ngokusekelwe ekulahlekeni kwesisindo sesampuli.
Isiqulatho somlotha okrwada (CA) sinqunywe yilahleko enkulu emva kokutshiswa kwesithando somlilo (Nabertherm, L9/11/SKM) kwi-550 ° C ngeeyure ze-4.
Isiqulatho samafutha akrwada okanye i-diethyl ether (EE) yokukhutshwa kwe-petroleum ether (bp 40–60 °C) kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokutsalwa kwe-Soxhlet. Malunga ne-10 g yesampulu yafakwa kwintloko yokutsalwa yaza yagqunywa ngoboya beceramic ukunqanda ilahleko yesampulu. Iisampulu zakhutshwa ngobusuku nge-150 ml ye-petroleum ether. Isicatshulwa sipholisiwe, i-solvent ye-organic yasuswa kwaye yafunyanwa ngokunyuka kwe-rotary (Büchi, R-300) kwi-300 mbar kunye ne-50 °C. I-lipid ekrwada okanye i-ether extracts zapholiswa kwaye zalinganiswa kwibhalansi yohlalutyo.
Umxholo weprotheyini ekrwada (CP) wamiselwa ngokuhlalutya initrogen ekhoyo kwisampulu kusetyenziswa indlela yeKjeldahl BN EN ISO 5983-1 (2005). Sebenzisa izinto ezifanelekileyo ze-N ukuya ku-P ukubala umxholo weprotheyini. Ukutya okusemgangathweni okomileyo (ingqolowa yengqolowa) sebenzisa umlinganiselo opheleleyo we-6.25. Kwimijelo yecala i-factor ye-4.2366 isetyenziswa kwaye kwimixube yemifuno i-factor ye-4.3967 isetyenziswa. Umthamo weprotheyini ekrwada kwimibungu ibalwe kusetyenziswa i-N ukuya ku-P factor ye-5.3351.
Umxholo wefiber wawuquka ukuzimisela kwe-fiber detergent (NDF) esekelwe kwi-Gerhardt extraction protocol (uhlalutyo lwe-fiber manual kwiingxowa, iGerhardt, eJamani) kunye ne-van Soest 68 indlela. Ukuzimisela kwe-NDF, isampuli ye-1 g ifakwe kwisikhwama esikhethekileyo sefiber (Gerhardt, i-ADF / NDF bag) kunye ne-glass liner. Iingxowa zefiber ezizaliswe ngeesampulu zaqala zathanjiswa nge-petroleum ether (indawo yokubilisa i-40-60 °C) kwaye zomiswa kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Isampuli ehlanjululweyo ikhutshwe ngesisombululo se-fiber engathathi hlangothi esine-hypo-stable α-amylase kwiqondo lokushisa elibilisayo kwi-1.5 h. Iisampuli zaye zahlanjwa kathathu ngamanzi abilayo adiyiniweyo kwaye zomiswa kwi-105 °C ngobusuku. Iingxowa zefiber ezomileyo (eziqulethe i-fiber residues) zilinganiswe kusetyenziswa ibhalansi yokuhlalutya (i-Sartorius, i-P224-1S) kwaye emva koko yatshiswa kwi-furnace ye-muffle (Nabertherm, L9 / 11 / SKM) kwi-550 ° C kwiiyure ze-4. Umlotha ulinganiswe kwakhona kwaye umxholo wefiber wabalwa ngokusekelwe ekulahlekeni kwesisindo phakathi kokumisa kunye nokutshiswa kwesampuli.
Ukumisela umxholo we-chitin we-larvae, sasebenzisa iprotocol elungisiweyo esekelwe kuhlalutyo lwefiber ekrwada nguvan Soest 68. Isampuli ye-1 g ifakwe kwisikhwama esikhethekileyo sefiber (Gerhardt, CF Bag) kunye nesitywina seglasi. Iisampulu zifakwe kwiingxowa zefiber, zihlanjululwe kwi-petroleum ether (c. 40-60 ° C) kwaye zomiswe ngomoya. Isampuli ehlanjululweyo yaqala ukukhutshwa kunye nesisombululo se-acidic se-0.13 M i-sulfuric acid kwiqondo lokushisa elibilisayo kwi-30 min. Isikhwama se-fiber extraction equkethe isampuli yahlanjululwa kathathu ngamanzi abilayo e-deionized kwaye ikhutshwe nge-0.23 M isisombululo se-potassium hydroxide ye-2 h. Isikhwama se-fiber extraction equkethe isampuli yaphinda yahlanjululwa kathathu ngamanzi abilayo adibeneyo kwaye yomiswa kwi-105 ° C ngobusuku. Ingxowa eyomileyo equlethe i-fiber residue yayilinganiswe kwi-balance yokuhlalutya kwaye yatshiswa kwi-furnace ye-muffle kwi-550 ° C kwiiyure ze-4. Uthuthu lwalinganiswa kwaye umxholo wefiber wabalwa ngokusekelwe ekulahlekeni kobunzima besampulu etshisiweyo.
Isiqulatho esipheleleyo se-carbohydrate sibaliwe. I-non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) i-concentration kwi-feed ibalwa kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwe-NDF, kwaye ugxininiso lwezinambuzane lubalwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwe-chitin.
I-pH ye-matrix inqunywe emva kokukhutshwa ngamanzi adibeneyo (1: 5 v / v) ngokwe-NBN EN 15933.
Iisampulu zalungiswa njengoko kuchazwe nguBroeckx et al. Iiprofayile zeminerali zamiselwa kusetyenziswa i-ICP-OES (Optima 4300™ DV ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, MA, USA).
Iintsimbi ezinzima ze-Cd, i-Cr kunye ne-Pb zahlalutywa nge-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (i-Thermo Scientific, i-ICE 3000 series, ixhotyiswe nge-autosampler ye-GFS yomlilo). Ngokumalunga ne-200 mg yesampuli yayigaywe kwi-acidic HNO3 / HCl (1: 3 v / v) usebenzisa i-microwaves (CEM, MARS 5). I-microwave digestion yenziwa kwi-190 ° C kwi-25 min kwi-600 W. Nciphisa isicatshulwa ngamanzi e-ultrapure.
I-fatty acids inqunywe yi-GC-MS (i-Agilent Technologies, inkqubo ye-7820A GC kunye ne-5977 E ye-MSD detector). Ngokwendlela kaJoseph kunye ne-Akman70, isisombululo se-20% se-BF3 / MeOH songezwa kwisisombululo se-methanolic KOH kunye ne-fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) ifunyenwe kwi-ether extract emva kwe-esterification. I-fatty acids inokuchongwa ngokuthelekisa amaxesha abo okugcina kunye ne-37 FAME imigangatho yomxube (i-Chemical Lab) okanye ngokuthelekisa i-MS spectra yabo kunye neelayibrari ze-intanethi ezifana ne-NIST database. Uhlalutyo olusemgangathweni lwenziwa ngokubala indawo encopho njengepesenti yendawo yonke yechromatogram.
Uhlalutyo lwedatha lwenziwa kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-JMP Pro 15.1.1 evela kwa-SAS (Buckinghamshire, UK). Uvavanyo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwendlela enye yokuhluka kunye nenqanaba lokubaluleka kwe-0.05 kunye ne-HSD ye-Tukey njengovavanyo lwe-post hoc.
I-bioaccumulation factor (BAF) ibalwa ngokwahlula ukuxinwa kweentsimbi ezinzima kwi- mealworm larval biomass (DM) ngokugxininiswa kwisondlo esimanzi (DM) 43. I-BAF enkulu kuno-1 ibonisa ukuba iintsimbi ezinzima ziqokelelana kwisondlo esimanzi kwimibungu.
Iisethi zedatha ezenziwe kunye / okanye ezihlalutywayo ngexesha lokufunda ngoku ziyafumaneka kumbhali ohambelanayo ngesicelo esifanelekileyo.
ISebe leZizwe eziManyeneyo leMicimbi yezoQoqosho neNtlalo, iCandelo laBemi. Amathemba aBantu beHlabathi ngo-2019: Amanqaku aphambili (ST/ESA/SER.A/423) (2019).
Cole, MB, Augustine, MA, Robertson, MJ, kunye neManners, JM, Isayensi yokhuseleko lokutya. NPJ Sci. Ukutya 2018, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-018-0021-9 (2018).
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-25-2024