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Ukulima kwezinambuzane kuyindlela engaba khona yokuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo samaprotheni emhlabeni wonke futhi kuwumsebenzi omusha emazweni aseNtshonalanga lapho imibuzo eminingi isasele mayelana nekhwalithi nokuphepha komkhiqizo. Izinambuzane zingadlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni oyindilinga ngokuguqula i-biomass ibe i-biomass ebalulekile. Cishe uhhafu we-feed substrate yezikelemu zokudla uvela ekudleni okumanzi. Lokhu kungatholakala ku-biowaste, okwenza ukulima kwezinambuzane kusimame. Lesi sihloko sibika ngokwakheka okunomsoco kwezikelemu zokudla (i-Tenebrio molitor) ephakelwa ngezithako zemvelo ezivela emikhiqizweni etholakalayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imifino engadayiswa, izingcezu zamazambane, izimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe namaqabunga engadini. Ihlolwa ngokuhlaziya ukwakheka okuseduze, iphrofayili ye-fatty acid, okuqukethwe kwamaminerali kanye nensimbi enzima. Izikelemu zamazambane ezifunzwa izikelemu bezinamafutha aphindwe kabili kanye nokwanda kwama-acid agcwele kanye ne-monounsaturated. Ukusetshenziswa kwempande ye-chicory evutshiwe kwandisa okuqukethwe kwamaminerali futhi kuqongelela izinsimbi ezinzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumuncwa kwamaminerali yizibungu zokudla kuyakhetha, njengoba kukhuphuka ukugxila kwe-calcium, insimbi kanye ne-manganese kuphela. Ukwengezwa kwezingxube zemifino noma amaqabunga engadini ekudleni ngeke kushintshe kakhulu iphrofayili yomsoco. Sengiphetha, ukusakazwa komkhiqizo kuguqulwe ngempumelelo kwaba i-biomass enamaprotheni amaningi, okuqukethwe kwezakhi kanye ne-bioavailability yakhona okube nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezikelemu zokudla.
Isibalo sabantu esikhulayo kulindeleke ukuthi sifinyelele ezigidini eziyisi-9.7 ngonyaka wezi-20501,2 okubeka ingcindezi ekukhiqizweni kwethu kokudla ukuze sibhekane nesidingo esikhulu sokudla. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isidingo sokudla sizokwenyuka ngama-70-80% phakathi kuka-2012 no-20503,4,5. Imithombo yemvelo esetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kokudla kwamanje iyancipha, ibeka engcupheni i-ecosystem yethu kanye nokuhlinzekwa kokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu le-biomass liyamoshwa maqondana nokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kokudla. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2050, umthamo wemfucuza yomhlaba wonke ngonyaka uzofinyelela kumathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-27, iningi lawo okuyi-bio-waste6,7,8. Ukubhekana nalezi zinselele, izixazululo ezintsha, ezinye izindlela zokudla kanye nentuthuko esimeme yezinhlelo zezolimo kanye nokudla kuhlongozwe9,10,11. Enye indlela enjalo ukusebenzisa izinsalela zemvelo ukukhiqiza izinto zokusetshenziswa njengezinambuzane ezidliwayo njengemithombo eqhubekayo yokudla kanye ne-feed12,13. Ukulima kwezinambuzane kukhiqiza igesi ebamba ukushisa ephansi kanye nokukhishwa kwe-ammonia, kudinga amanzi amancane kunemithombo yamaprotheni evamile, futhi kungakhiqizwa ngezinhlelo zokulima eziqondile, ezidinga indawo encane14,15,16,17,18,19. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinambuzane ziyakwazi ukuguqula i-biowaste enenani eliphansi ibe i-biomass ecebile enamaprotheni enokuqukethwe okomile okungafika ku-70%20,21,22. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-biomass enenani eliphansi okwamanje isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu noma ukugaywa kabusha ngakho-ke ayiqhudelani nomkhakha wamanje wokudla nokuphakelayo23,24,25,26. I- mealworm (T. molitor)27 ibhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo ezithembisayo zokukhiqiza ukudla okukhulu kanye nokuphakelayo. Kokubili izibungu kanye nabantu abadala badla izinto ezihlukahlukene ezifana nemikhiqizo yokusanhlamvu, imfucumfucu yezilwane, imifino, izithelo, njll. 28,29. Emiphakathini yaseNtshonalanga, i-T. molitor ikhuliswa ekuthunjweni ngesilinganiso esincane, ikakhulukazi njengokudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo njengezinyoni noma izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Njengamanje, amandla abo ekukhiqizeni ukudla nokuphakelayo bathola ukunakwa okwengeziwe30,31,32. Isibonelo, i-T. molitor igunyazwe ngephrofayili entsha yokudla, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kumafomu eqandisiwe, omisiwe kanye nempushana (Umthethonqubo (EU) No 258/97 kanye Nomthethonqubo (EU) 2015/2283) 33. Nokho, ukukhiqizwa kwesilinganiso esikhulu wezinambuzane zokudla nokudla kusewumqondo omusha emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Imboni ibhekene nezinselelo ezifana nezikhala zolwazi mayelana nokudla nokukhiqiza okuphelele, izinga lokudla okunempilo komkhiqizo wokugcina, nezindaba zokuphepha ezifana nokwakheka okunobuthi nobungozi bama-microbial. Ngokungafani nokufuywa kwendabuko, ukufuywa kwezinambuzane akunawo umlando ofanayo17,24,25,34.
Nakuba ucwaningo oluningi lwenziwe mayelana nenani lokudla kwezikelemu zokudla, izici ezithinta ukondleka kwazo awakaqondwa ngokugcwele. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuthi ukudla kwezinambuzane kungase kube nomthelela othile ekubunjweni kwayo, kodwa akukho iphethini ecacile etholakele. Ukwengeza, lezi zifundo zigxile ezingxenyeni zamaprotheni ne-lipid zezikelemu zokudla, kodwa zaba nemiphumela elinganiselwe ezingxenyeni zamaminerali21,22,32,35,36,37,38,39,40. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe amandla okumunca amaminerali. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luphethe ngokuthi izibungu ezifunzwa isithombo zinezinga eliphezulu lamaminerali athile. Kodwa-ke, le miphumela ikhawulelwe ku-substrate ehloliwe, futhi ezinye izivivinyo zezimboni ziyadingeka41. Ukunqwabelana kwezinsimbi ezisindayo (Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg) ezimpethuni kubikwe ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuqukethwe kwensimbi kwe-matrix. Nakuba ukugxiliswa kwezinsimbi ezitholakala ekudleni ekudleni kwezilwane kungaphansi kwemikhawulo engokomthetho42, i-arsenic nayo itholakale inqwabelana ezibungwini zezikelemu zokudla, kuyilapho i-cadmium nomthofu zingawukhiqizi i-bioaccumulate43. Ukuqonda imiphumela yokudla ekwakhekeni komsoco kwezikelemu kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwazo ngokuphephile ekudleni nasekuphakeleni.
Ucwaningo olwethulwe kuleli phepha lugxile emthelela wokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo njengomthombo wokudla okumanzi ekwakhiweni komsoco wezikelemu. Ngaphezu kokudla okomile, ukudla okumanzi kufanele kunikezwe izibungu. Umthombo wokudla okumanzi uhlinzeka ngomswakama odingekayo futhi usebenza njengesengezo sokudla kwezikelemu zokudla, ukukhula kwezinga lokukhula kanye nesisindo somzimba esiphezulu44,45. Ngokwedatha yethu evamile yokukhuliswa kwezikelemu kuphrojekthi ye-Interreg-Valusect, isamba sokuphakela kwezikelemu zokudla siqukethe ama-57% okuphakelayo okumanzi. Imvamisa, imifino emisha (isb. izaqathi) isetshenziswa njengomthombo wokuphakela okumanzi35,36,42,44,46. Ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo enenani eliphansi njengemithombo yokudla okumanzi kuzoletha izinzuzo ezisimeme kanye nezomnotho ekulimeni kwezinambuzane17. Izinjongo zalolu cwaningo bekuwu (1) ukuphenya ngemiphumela yokusebenzisa i-biowaste njengokudla okumanzi ekwakhekeni kwezikelemu zokudla okunomsoco, (2) ukunquma okuqukethwe kwe-macro- kanye ne-micronutrient yezibungu zomnyundu ezikhuliswe ku-mineral-rich biowaste ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukutholakala kwezibungu. ukuqiniswa kwezimbiwa, futhi (3) ihlole ukuphepha kwalezi mikhiqizo epulazini lezinambuzane ngokuhlaziya ubukhona kanye nokunqwabelana kwesisindo izinsimbi Pb, Cd kanye Cr. Lolu cwaningo luzohlinzeka ngolwazi olwengeziwe ngemiphumela ye-biowaste supplementation ekudleni kwezibungu zokudla, ukubaluleka komsoco kanye nokuphepha.
Okuqukethwe kwento eyomile ekugelezeni kwe-lateral kwakuphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula i-agar yezakhi ezimanzi. Okuqukethwe kwento eyomile ezixutshweni zemifino namaqabunga engadini bekungaphansi kuka-10%, kanti bekungaphezulu kokusikwa kwamazambane kanye nezimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe (13.4 kanye no-29.9 g/100 g we-fresh matter, FM).
Ingxube yemifino ibinomlotha ongahluziwe ophezulu, amafutha namaprotheni okuqukethwe okuphansi kwama-carbohydrate angenayo i-fibrous kunokuphakelayo kokulawula (i-agar), kuyilapho okuqukethwe kwefayibha yokuhlanza exutshwe ne-amylase engathathi hlangothi kwakufana. Okuqukethwe kwe-carbohydrate kwezingcezu zamazambane kwakuphakeme kakhulu kuyo yonke imifudlana eseceleni futhi kwakuqhathaniswa nalokho kwe-agar. Sekukonke, ukwakheka kwayo okungahluziwe kwakufana kakhulu nokudla okulawulayo, kodwa yengezwe ngamanani amancane amaprotheni (4.9%) kanye nomlotha ongahluziwe (2.9%) 47,48. I-pH yamazambane isukela ku-5 kuye ku-6, futhi kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lokhu kusakazwa ohlangothini lwamazambane kune-acidic eyengeziwe (4.7). Impande ye-chicory evundile inothe ngomlotha futhi ine-acidic kakhulu kuyo yonke imifudlana eseceleni. Njengoba izimpande zingakahlanzwa, umlotha omningi kulindeleke ukuba ube nesihlabathi (silica). Amaqabunga asengadini ayewukuphela komkhiqizo we-alkaline uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula kanye neminye imifudlana eseceleni. Iqukethe amazinga aphezulu omlotha namaprotheni kanye nama-carbohydrate aphansi kakhulu kunokulawula. Ukwakheka okungahluziwe kusondelene kakhulu nempande ye-chicory evutshiwe, kodwa ukugcwala kwamaprotheni aluhlaza kungaphezulu (15.0%), okuqhathaniswa namaprotheni engxube yemifino. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwedatha engenhla kubonise umehluko omkhulu ekwakhiweni okungahluziwe kanye ne-pH yama-side stream.
Ukwengezwa kwezingxube zemifino noma amaqabunga egadi ekudleni kwezikelemu akuzange kuthinte ukwakheka kwe-biomass yezibungu zesibungu uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo (Ithebula 1). Ukwengezwa kokusikwa kwamazambane kubangele umehluko obaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kwe-biomass uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo elithola izibungu zezikelemu kanye neminye imithombo yokudla okumanzi. Ngokuqondene nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ezikelemu zokudla, ngaphandle kokusikwa kwamazambane, ukwakheka okuhlukile okulinganiselwe kwemifudlana eseceleni akuzange kuthinte okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ezibungu. Ukondla amazambane ukusikwa njengomthombo womswakama kwaholela ekwandeni okuphindwe kabili kokuqukethwe kwamafutha ezibungu kanye nokuncipha kokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni, i-chitin, nama-carbohydrate angenawo ama-fibrous. Impande ye-chicory ebilile yandisa umlotha wezibungu zesikelemu izikhathi kanye nengxenye.
Amaphrofayili amaminerali avezwe njengokuqukethwe kwe-macromineral (Ithebula 2) kanye ne-micronutrient (Ithebula 3) ekudleni okumanzi kanye ne-biomass yezibungu zempuphu.
Ngokuvamile, imifudlana eseceleni yezolimo yayicebile ngama-macromineral uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula, ngaphandle kokusikwa kwamazambane, okwakunokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-Mg, Na kanye ne-Ca. Ukuhlushwa kwe-potassium kwakuphezulu kuzo zonke izifudlana eziseceleni uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula. I-agar iqukethe u-3 mg/100 g DM K, kuyilapho ukugxila kuka-K emfudlaneni oseceleni kwakusukela ku-1070 kuya ku-9909 mg/100 g DM. Okuqukethwe kwe-Macromineral enhlanganisela yemifino kwakuphakeme kakhulu kuneqembu lokulawula, kodwa okuqukethwe kwe-Na kwakuphansi kakhulu (88 vs. 111 mg / 100 g DM). Ukugxiliswa kwe-macromineral ekusikeni kwamazambane bekuphansi kakhulu kuyo yonke imifudlana eseceleni. Okuqukethwe kwe-Macromineral ekusikeni kwamazambane kwakuphansi kakhulu kuneminye imifudlana eseceleni nokulawula. Ngaphandle kokuthi okuqukethwe kwe-Mg bekuqathaniswa neqembu lokulawula. Nakuba impande ye-chicory evutshiwe ingenakho ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwama-macrominerals, okuqukethwe komlotha walokhu kusakazwa okuseceleni bekuphakeme kunayo yonke imifudlana eseceleni. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi azihlanjululwanga futhi zingaqukatha ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-silica (isihlabathi). Okuqukethwe kwe-Na ne-Ca kwakuqhathaniswa nalokho okuxubene nemifino. Impande ye-chicory ebilile iqukethe inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-Na kuyo yonke imifudlana eseceleni. Ngaphandle kwe-Na, amaqabunga e-horticultural ayenezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lama-macrominerals kuwo wonke amafolishi amanzi. I-K (9909 mg/100 g DM) yayiphakeme ngokuphindwe izinkulungwane ezintathu kunokulawula (3 mg/100 g DM) futhi izikhathi ezi-2.5 ngaphezu kwengxube yemifino (4057 mg/100 g DM). Okuqukethwe kwe-Ca bekuphakeme kunayo yonke imifudlana eseceleni (7276 mg/100 g DM), iphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 kunokulawula (336 mg/100 g DM), futhi iphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-14 kune-Ca concentration ezimpandeni ze-chicory ezivutshiwe noma ingxube yemifino ( 530 kanye 496 mg/100 g DM).
Nakuba kwakukhona ukuhluka okuphawulekayo ekubunjweni kwe-macromineral yokudla (Ithebula 2), akukho mehluko obalulekile owatholakala ekubunjweni kwe-macromineral yezibungu zokudla eziphakanyiswe ekuxubeni kwemifino kanye nokulawula ukudla.
Izibungu ezifunzwa izambane imvuthu zinezingqimba eziphansi kakhulu zawo wonke ama-macromineral uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula, ngaphandle kwe-Na, eyayinokugxila okufanayo. Ukwengeza, ukuphakelwa kwamazambane okucwebezelayo kubangele ukuncipha okukhulu kokuqukethwe kwezibungu ze-macromineral uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela eziseceleni. Lokhu kuhambisana nomlotha ophansi obonwa ezakhiweni eziseduze zezikelemu. Kodwa-ke, nakuba i-P ne-K yayiphakeme kakhulu kulokhu kudla okumanzi kunezinye i-sidestreams nokulawula, ukwakheka kwezibungu akuzange kubonise lokhu. Ukugxila okuphansi kwe-Ca kanye ne-Mg okutholakala ku-biomass yezikelemu zokudla kungase kuhlotshaniswe ne-Ca ne-Mg ephansi ekhona ekudleni okumanzi ngokwako.
Ukondla izimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe kanye namaqabunga esihlahla sezithelo kubangele amazinga e-calcium aphezulu kakhulu kunokulawula. Amaqabunga e-Orchard ayequkethe amazinga aphezulu e-P, Mg, K kanye no-Ca kukho konke ukudla okumanzi, kodwa lokhu akuzange kubonakale ku-biomass yezikelemu zokudla. Ukugxiliswa kwe-Na bekuphansi kakhulu kulezi zibungu, kuyilapho ukugxiliswa kuka-Na bekuphezulu emaqabungeni esivande kunesinqunyiwe samazambane. Okuqukethwe kwe-Ca kukhuphuke ezibungwini (66 mg/100 g DM), kodwa ukugxila kwe-Ca bekungephezulu njengaleyo etholakala ku-biomass yezikelemu zokudla (79 mg/100 g DM) ekuhlolweni kwezimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe, nakuba ukugxiliswa kwe-Ca ezitshalweni zamaqabunga ezithelo Izikhathi eziphindwe ka-14 kunezimpande ze-chicory.
Ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwe-microelement yokudla okumanzi (Ithebula 3), ukwakheka kwamaminerali engxube yemifino kwakufana neqembu lokulawula, ngaphandle kokuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-Mn kwakuphansi kakhulu. Ukugxila kwawo wonke ama-microelements ahlaziywe bekuphansi ekusikeni kwezambane uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Izimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe zaziqukethe insimbi ephindwe izikhathi eziyi-100, ithusi eliphindwe ka-4, i-zinc ephindwe kabili kanye nenani elifanayo le-manganese. I-zinc ne-manganese emaqabunga ezitshalo zasengadini yayiphezulu kakhulu kuneqembu lokulawula.
Akukho mehluko obalulekile otholakele phakathi kwe-trace element yezibungu eziphakela isilawuli, ingxube yemifino, kanye nokudla kwezinsalela zamazambane ezimanzi. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwe-Fe kanye ne-Mn kwezibungu eziphakela ukudla kwezimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe kwakuhluke kakhulu kulezo zezikelemu eziphakela iqembu elilawulayo. Ukwenyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-Fe kungase kube ngenxa yokwanda okuphindwe kakhulu kokugxilwa kwe-trace element ekudleni okumanzi uqobo. Kodwa-ke, nakuba ungekho umehluko obalulekile ekugxilweni kwe-Mn phakathi kwezimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe kanye neqembu lokulawula, amazinga e-Mn anda ezibunguni eziphakela izimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi ukugxila kwe-Mn kwakuphakeme (okuphindwe kathathu) ekudleni kwamaqabunga amanzi okudla kwe-horticulture uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula, kodwa kwakungekho umehluko omkhulu ekubunjweni kwe-biomass yezikelemu zokudla. Umehluko kuphela phakathi kwamaqabunga okulawula kanye ne-horticulture kwakungukuqukethwe kwe-Cu, okwakuphansi emaqabunga.
Ithebula lesi-4 libonisa ukugxiliswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ezitholakala kuma-substrates. Ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-Europe kwe-Pb, i-Cd kanye ne-Cr ekudleni okuphelele kwezilwane kuguqulelwe ku-mg/100 g into eyomile futhi yengezwe kuThebula lesi-4 ukuze kube lula ukuqhathanisa nokugxila okutholakala emifudlaneni eseceleni47.
Ayikho i-Pb etholakele ekulawuleni okuphakelayo okumanzi, izingxube zemifino noma iziqukathi zamazambane, kuyilapho amaqabunga engadini equkethe u-0.002 mg Pb/100 g DM kanye nezimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe zaziqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu okungu-0.041 mg Pb/100 g DM. Ukugxila kuka-C ekuphakeleni okulawulwayo namaqabunga engadini bekuqhathaniseka (0.023 kanye no-0.021 mg/100 g DM), kuyilapho bekuphansi ezixukwini zemifino namagatsha amazambane (0.004 kanye no-0.007 mg/100 g DM). Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-substrates, ukugxilwa kwe-Cr ezimpandeni ze-chicory ezivutshiwe bekuphakeme kakhulu (0.135 mg/100 g DM) futhi ephakeme ngokuphindwe kasithupha kunesiphakeli sokulawula. I-Cd ayitholwanga ekulawuleni ukusakaza noma kunoma yikuphi ukusakaza okusemaceleni okusetshenzisiwe.
Amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-Pb kanye ne-Cr atholwe ezimpandeni ze-chicory ezifuywe izibungu. Kodwa-ke, i-Cd ayizange itholakale kunoma yiziphi izibungu zesikelemu.
Ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yama-fatty acids emafutheni angcolile kwenziwa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ingabe iphrofayili ye-fatty acid yezibungu zezikelemu zingathonywa yini izingxenye ezihlukene zomfudlana ongaseceleni lapho zondliwa khona. Ukusatshalaliswa kwalawa ma-fatty acids kukhonjiswe kuThebula 5. Ama-fatty acids abalwe ngamagama awo avamile kanye nesakhiwo semolekyuli (ebizwa ngokuthi “Cx:y”, lapho u-x ehambisana nenani lama-athomu ekhabhoni kanye no-y nenani lamabhondi angagcwele. ).
Iphrofayili ye-acid enamafutha yezikelemu eziphakelwa amazambane yashintshwa kakhulu. Aqukethe amanani aphezulu kakhulu e-myristic acid (C14: 0), i-palmitic acid (C16: 0), i-palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), ne-oleic acid (C18: 1). Ukugxila kwe-pentadecanoic acid (C15: 0), i-linoleic acid (C18: 2), ne-linolenic acid (C18: 3) yayiphansi kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izikelemu zokudla. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaphrofayili e-fatty acid, isilinganiso sika-C18:1 kuya ku-C18:2 sibuyiselwe emuva kuma-shreds amazambane. Izikelemu eziphakela amaqabunga e-horticultural zaziqukethe amanani aphezulu e-pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) kunezikelemu eziphakela okunye ukudla okumanzi.
Ama-fatty acids ahlukaniswe abe ama-saturated fatty acids (SFA), ama-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), kanye nama-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Ithebula lesi-5 likhombisa ukugxila kwala maqembu e-fatty acid. Sekukonke, amaphrofayili e-acid enamafutha ezikelemu eziphakelwa udoti wamazambane ayehluke kakhulu ekulawuleni kanye neminye imifudlana eseceleni. Eqenjini ngalinye le-acid enamafutha, izikelemu eziphakelwa amazambane zahluke kakhulu kuwo wonke amanye amaqembu. Ayequkethe i-SFA ne-MUFA eyengeziwe kanye ne-PUFA encane.
Kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile phakathi kwezinga lokusinda kanye nesamba sesisindo sesivuno sezibungu ezifuywe kuma-substrates ahlukene. Isilinganiso sesilinganiso sokusinda sisonke sasingama-90%, kanti isamba esiphelele sesisindo somkhiqizo sasingamagremu angama-974. Izikelemu zicubungula ngempumelelo imikhiqizo ethile njengomthombo wokuphakela okumanzi. Isiphakeli esimanzi sesikelemu sithatha ngaphezu kwesigamu sesisindo sesisindo sokudla (somile + esimanzi). Ukushintsha imifino emisha ngemikhiqizo yezolimo njengokudla okumanzi kwendabuko kunezinzuzo zezomnotho nezemvelo ekulimeni izikelemu.
Ithebula 1 libonisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-biomass yezibungu zezikelemu ezikhuliswe ekudleni okulawulwayo kwakucishe kube ngu-72% womswakama, u-5% womlotha, u-19% we-lipid, u-51% wamaprotheni, u-8% we-chitin, kanye no-18% wento eyomile njengama-carbohydrate angenayo i-fibrous. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa namanani abikwe ezincwadini.48,49 Nokho, ezinye izingxenye zingatholakala ezincwadini, ngokuvamile kuye ngokuthi indlela yokuhlaziya esetshenzisiwe. Isibonelo, sisebenzise indlela ye-Kjeldahl ukuze sithole okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni angcolile ngesilinganiso esingu-N kuya ku-P esingu-5.33, kuyilapho abanye abacwaningi basebenzisa isilinganiso esisetshenziswa kabanzi sika-6.25 kumasampuli enyama nokokuphakelayo.50,51
Ukwengezwa kwezinsalela zamazambane (ukudla okumanzi okunothe nge-carbohydrate) ekudleni kubangele ukuphindaphindeka kwamafutha ezikelemu. I-carbohydrate equkethwe kumazambane kulindeleke ukuthi ihlanganise ikakhulukazi isitashi, kanti i-agar iqukethe ushukela (ama-polysaccharides) angama-47,48. Lokhu okutholakele kuphambene nolunye ucwaningo olwathola ukuthi amafutha ehla lapho izikelemu zokudla ziphakelwa ukudla okuhlanganiswe namazambane acwecwe umusi ayenawo amaprotheni (10.7%) kanye nesitashi esiningi (49.8%). Lapho i-olive pomace yengezwa ekudleni, amaprotheni nama-carbohydrate aqukethe izikelemu zokudla ahambisana nokudla okumanzi, kuyilapho okuqukethwe kwamafutha kuhlala kungashintshi35. Ngokuphambene, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ezibungu ezikhuliswe emifudlaneni eseceleni kuba nezinguquko eziyisisekelo, njengoba kwenza amafutha22,37.
Impande ye-chicory ebilile yandisa kakhulu umlotha wezibungu zezikelemu (Ithebula 1). Ucwaningo ngemiphumela ye-byproducts ekubunjweni komlotha namaminerali wezibungu ze- mealworm lunqunyelwe. Ucwaningo oluningi lwe-product feeding lugxile kumafutha namaprotheni okuqukethwe kwezibungu ngaphandle kokuhlaziya okuqukethwe komlotha21,35,36,38,39. Kodwa-ke, lapho okuqukethwe komlotha wezibungu eziphakelwa yimikhiqizo kuhlaziywa, ukwanda komlotha kwatholakala. Isibonelo, ukuphakela izikelemu udoti wasengadini kwenyusa umlotha wazo usuka ku-3.01% wafinyelela ku-5.30%, futhi ukwengeza udoti wamakhabe ekudleni kwandisa umlotha kusuka ku-1.87% kuya ku-4.40%.
Nakuba yonke imithombo yokudla emanzi yahluka kakhulu ekubunjweni kwayo okulinganiselwe (Ithebula 1), umehluko ekubunjweni kwe-biomass yezibungu zezikelemu zokudla eziphakela imithombo yokudla okumanzi ngokulandelanayo wawumncane. Izibungu zezikelemu kuphela ezidlise izingcezu zamazambane noma impande ye-chicory ebilile ezibonise izinguquko eziphawulekayo. Enye incazelo engase ibe khona yalo mphumela ukuthi ngaphezu kwezimpande ze-chicory, izingcezu zamazambane nazo zavutshelwa kancane (pH 4.7, Ithebula 1), okwenza isitashi/amacarbohydrates agayeke/atholakale ezibungwini zomnyundu. Ukuthi izibungu zesikelemu ziwahlanganisa kanjani amafutha ezakhiweni ezifana nama-carbohydrate kuyintshisekelo enkulu futhi kufanele kuhlolisiswe ngokugcwele ezifundweni ezizayo. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini ngomphumela wokudla okumanzi i-pH ekukhuleni kwezibungu zesibungu saphetha ngokuthi awukho umehluko ophawulekayo owabonwa lapho kusetshenziswa amabhulokhi e-agar anokudla okumanzi okungaphezu kwebanga le-pH elingu-3 kuya ku-9. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukudla okuvutshelwe okumanzi kungasetshenziselwa isiko le-agar I-Tenebrio molitor53. Ngokufanayo no-Coudron et al.53, ukuhlolwa kokulawula kusetshenziswe amabhulokhi e-agar ekudleni okumanzi okunikezwayo ngenxa yokuthi ayentula kumaminerali nezakhi. Ucwaningo lwabo aluzange luhlole umphumela wemithombo yokudla emanzi ehlukahlukene enomsoco njengemifino noma amazambane ekuthuthukiseni ukugayeka kokudla noma ukutholakala kwe-bioavailability. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngemiphumela yokuvutshelwa kwemithombo yokudla okumanzi ezibunguni zezikelemu zokudla ziyadingeka ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlola lo mbono.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamaminerali okulawula i-biomass yezikelemu zokudla okutholakala kulolu cwaningo (Amathebula 2 no-3) kuqhathaniswa nohlu lwama-macro- kanye nama-micronutrients atholakala ezincwadini48,54,55. Ukunikeza izikelemu ezinempande ye-chicory evutshiwe njengomthombo wokudla okumanzi kukhulisa okuqukethwe kwazo kwamaminerali. Nakuba ama-macro- kanye nama-micronutrients amaningi ayephezulu ezixubeni zemifino namaqabunga engadini (Amathebula 2 no-3), awazange athinte okuqukethwe kwamaminerali e-biomass yezikelemu zempuphu ngezinga elifanayo nezimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe. Enye incazelo engenzeka ukuthi imisoco esemaqabungeni ensimu ye-alkaline ayitholakali kakhulu kunezinye, ukudla okumanzi okune-asidi kakhulu (Ithebula 1). Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini ludlise izibungu zesikelemu ngotshani berayisi obubilile futhi lwathola ukuthi luthuthuke kahle kulo mfula oseceleni futhi lwabonisa ukuthi ukwelapha kusengaphambili kwe-substrate ngokuvutshelwa kwabangela ukumuncwa kwezakhi. 56 Ukusetshenziswa kwezimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe kwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-Ca, Fe kanye ne-Mn ku-biomass yezikelemu zokudla. Nakuba lo mfula oseceleni wawuqukethe nokugxila okuphezulu kwamanye amaminerali (P, Mg, K, Na, Zn kanye ne-Cu), lawa maminerali ayengemaningi kakhulu ku-biomass yezikelemu zokudla uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula, okubonisa ukukhetha kokuthathwa kwamaminerali. Ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwalawa maminerali ku-biomass yezikelemu zokudla kunomsoco wokudla kanye nezinjongo zokudla. I-calcium iyimaminerali ebalulekile edlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-neuromuscular kanye nezinqubo eziningi ze-enzyme-mediated ezifana nokujiya kwegazi, ukwakheka kwamathambo namazinyo. 57,58 Ukuntuleka kwe-ayoni kuyinkinga evamile emazweni asathuthuka, lapho izingane, abesifazane, kanye nasebekhulile ngokuvamile bengatholi i-ayoni eyanele ekudleni kwabo. 54 Nakuba i-manganese iyisici esibalulekile ekudleni komuntu futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwama-enzyme amaningi, ukuyidla ngokweqile kungaba yingozi. Amazinga aphezulu e-manganese ezikelemu ezifunzwa impande ye-chicory ebilisiwe ayengenandaba futhi ayeqhathaniswa nalawo ezinkukhu. 59
Ukugxila kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ezitholakala emfuleni oseceleni kwakungaphansi kwezindinganiso zaseYurophu zokuphakela kwezilwane okuphelele. Ukuhlaziywa kwensimbi esindayo yezibungu zezibungu zesidlo kubonise ukuthi amazinga e-Pb ne-Cr ayephezulu kakhulu ezikelemu ezifunzwa impande ye-chicory evutshiwe kunaseqenjini elilawulayo namanye ama-substrates (Ithebula 4). Izimpande ze-chicory zikhula enhlabathini futhi zaziwa ngokumunca izinsimbi ezisindayo, kanti ezinye izimila eziseceleni zisuka ekukhiqizweni kokudla kwabantu okulawulwayo. Izikelemu ezidliwe ngempande ye-chicory evutshiwe nazo zaziqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-Pb ne-Cr (Ithebula 4). Izinto ezibaliwe ze-bioaccumulation (BAF) zazingu-2.66 ku-Pb kanye no-1.14 ku-Cr, okusho ukuthi mkhulu kuno-1, okubonisa ukuthi izikelemu zinamandla okuqongelela izinsimbi ezisindayo. Mayelana ne-Pb, i-EU ibeka okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Pb okungu-0.10 mg ngekhilogremu ngayinye yenyama entsha ukuze idliwe abantu61. Ekuhlolweni kwedatha yokuhlola, ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-Pb okutholwe kuzikelemu zezimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe kwaba ngu-0.11 mg/100 g DM. Lapho inani liphinda libalwa kokuqukethwe kwento eyomile engu-30.8% yalezi zikelemu zokudla, okuqukethwe kwe-Pb kwakungu-0.034 mg/kg into entsha, eyayingaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu lika-0.10 mg/kg. Akukho okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Cr okucaciswe emithethweni yokudla yaseYurophu. I-Cr ivame ukutholakala endaweni ezungezile, ukudla kanye nezithasiselo zokudla futhi yaziwa njengesakhi esibalulekile kubantu ngamanani amancane62,63,64. Lokhu kuhlaziya (Ithebula 4) kubonisa ukuthi izibungu ze-T. molitor zingaqongelela izinsimbi ezisindayo lapho izinsimbi ezisindayo zikhona ekudleni. Kodwa-ke, amazinga ezinsimbi ezisindayo atholakala ku-biomass yezikelemu zokudla kulolu cwaningo athathwa njengephephile ukuze asetshenziswe abantu. Ukuqapha okuvamile nokucophelelayo kuyanconywa uma usebenzisa imifudlana eseceleni okungenzeka iqukethe izinsimbi ezisindayo njengomthombo wokuphakelayo okumanzi we-T. molitor.
Ama-fatty acids amaningi kakhulu ku-biomass ephelele ye-T. molitor izibungu kwakuyi-palmitic acid (C16: 0), i-oleic acid (C18: 1), ne-linoleic acid (C18: 2) (Ithebula 5), ehambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini. ku-T. molitor. Imiphumela ye-fatty acid spectrum iyavumelana36,46,50,65. Iphrofayili ye-fatty acid ye-T. molitor ngokuvamile iqukethe izingxenye ezinhlanu ezinkulu: i-oleic acid (C18:1), i-palmitic acid (C16:0), i-linoleic acid (C18:2), i-myristic acid (C14:0), ne-stearic acid. (C18:0). I-Oleic acid kubikwa ukuthi iyi-asidi enamafutha amaningi kakhulu (30-60%) ezibunguni zezikelemu zokudla, ilandelwa yi-palmitic acid ne-linoleic acid22,35,38,39. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubonise ukuthi le phrofayili ye-fatty acid ithonywa ukudla kwezibungu zokudla, kodwa umehluko awulandeli izitayela ezifanayo njengokudla38. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaphrofayili e-fatty acid, isilinganiso se-C18:1–C18:2 emakhasini amazambane siyahlehliswa. Kutholwe imiphumela efanayo yoshintsho kuphrofayili ye-acid enamafutha ezikelemu eziphakelwa ama-peelings amazambane ashubile36. Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi nakuba iphrofayili ye-fatty acid kawoyela wezikelemu zingase ishintshwe, isewumthombo ocebile wama-acids angagcwalisiwe.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola umphumela wokusebenzisa imifudlana emine ehlukene ye-agro-industrial biowaste njengokudla okumanzi ekubunjweni kwezikelemu zokudla. Umthelela wahlolwa ngokusekelwe enanini lesondlo sezibungu. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo yaguqulwa ngempumelelo yaba i-biomass enamaprotheni amaningi (okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni 40.7-52.3%), engasetshenziswa njengomthombo wokudla kanye nokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo esanda kukhiqizwa njengokuphakelayo okumanzi kuthinta inani lokudla okunempilo kwe-biomass yezikelemu zokudla. Ikakhulukazi, ukuhlinzeka izibungu ngenani eliphezulu lama-carbohydrates (isb. ukusikwa kwamazambane) kukhulisa amafutha azo futhi kuguqule ukwakheka kwe-acid enamafutha: okuqukethwe okuphansi kwama-polyunsaturated fatty acids kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-saturated kanye nama-monounsaturated fatty acids, kodwa hhayi ukugxila kwamafutha acid angagcwele. . Ama-acids anamafutha (i-monounsaturated + polyunsaturated) asabusa. Ucwaningo luphinde lwabonisa ukuthi izikelemu zokudla ngokukhetha ziqongelela i-calcium, insimbi ne-manganese emifudlaneni eseceleni ecebile ngamaminerali ane-asidi. I-bioavailability yamaminerali ibonakala idlala indima ebalulekile futhi izifundo ezengeziwe ziyadingeka ukuze sikuqonde ngokugcwele lokhu. Izinsimbi ezinzima ezikhona emifudlaneni eseceleni zinganqwabelana ezikelemu. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila kokugcina kwe-Pb, Cd kanye ne-Cr ku-larval biomass bekungaphansi kwamazinga amukelekayo, okuvumela lokhu kusakazwa okusemaceleni ukuthi kusetshenziswe ngokuphephile njengomthombo wokuphakelayo okumanzi.
Izibungu ze-Mealworm zikhuliswe i-Radius (Giel, Belgium) kanye ne-Inagro (Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium) e-Thomas More University of Applied Sciences ngo-27 °C kanye no-60% womswakama ohlobene. Ukuminyana kwezikelemu ezikhuliswe emanzini angama-60 x 40 cm kwakungama-4.17 worms/cm2 (10,000 mealworms). Izibungu ekuqaleni zaphakelwa u-2.1 kg kakolweni njengokudla okomile ethangini ngalinye lokukhulisa bese zengezwa njengoba kudingeka. Sebenzisa ama-agar blocks njengendlela yokulawula ukudla okumanzi. Kusukela evikini lesi-4, qala ngokuphakela imifudlana eseceleni (futhi umthombo womswakama) njengokudla okumanzi esikhundleni se-agar ad libitum. Iphesenti lento eyomile yomfudlana oseceleni ngamunye yanqunywa kusengaphambili futhi yarekhodwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe amanani alinganayo omswakamo kuzo zonke izinambuzane kuzo zonke izindlela zokwelapha. Ukudla kusakazwa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke i-terrarium. Izibungu ziqoqwa lapho iziphungumangathi zokuqala zivela eqenjini lokuhlola. Ukuvunwa kwezibungu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ishaker eyimishini engu-2 mm ububanzi. Ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwedayisi lamazambane. Izingxenye ezinkulu zedayisi lamazambane omisiwe nazo zihlukaniswa ngokuvumela izibungu ukuthi zikhase kule mesh futhi ziwaqoqe emathreyini ensimbi. Isamba sesisindo sokuvuna sinqunywa ngokukala isisindo sesivuno esiphelele. Ukusinda kubalwa ngokuhlukanisa isamba sesisindo sokuvuna ngesisindo sezibungu. Isisindo sezibungu sinqunywa ngokukhetha okungenani izibungu eziyi-100 nokuhlukanisa isisindo sazo esiphelele ngenombolo. Izibungu eziqoqiwe ziyalamba amahora angama-24 ukuze zikhiphe amathumbu azo ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa. Ekugcineni, izibungu ziyahlolwa futhi ukuze zizihlukanise kokusele. Zifakwe eqhweni futhi zikhishwe futhi zigcinwe ku -18°C kuze kube yilapho zicutshungulwa.
Okuphakelayo okomile kwakuyibran kakolweni (Belgian Molens Joye). I-bran kakolweni yahlungwa ngaphambili yaba usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezingaphansi kuka-2 mm. Ngaphezu kokudla okomile, izibungu zezikelemu zidinga ukudla okumanzi ukuze zigcine umswakama kanye nezithako zamaminerali ezidingwa izikelemu zokudla. Ukudla okumanzi kubala ngaphezu kwesigamu sokudla okuphelele (isiphakeli esomile + ukudla okumanzi). Ekuhloleni kwethu, i-agar (Brouwland, Belgium, 25 g/l) isetshenziswe njengokulawula okuphakelayo okumanzi45. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMdwebo 1, imikhiqizo emine yezolimo equkethe izakhi ezihlukene ihlolwe njengokudla okumanzi kwezibungu. Le mikhiqizo ephumayo ihlanganisa (a) amaqabunga avela ekutshalweni kwekhukhamba (Inagro, Belgium), (b) ukusika amazambane (Duigny, Belgium), (c) izimpande ze-chicory ezivutshiwe (Inagro, Belgium) kanye (d) nezithelo nemifino engathengiswa evela endalini. . (Belorta, Belgium). Umfudlana oseceleni unqunywa ube yizicucu ezifanele ukusetshenziswa njengokuphakela kwezikelemu ezimanzi.
Imikhiqizo yezokulima njengokudla okumanzi kwezikelemu; (a) amaqabunga engadi asuka ekutshalweni kwamakhukhamba, (b) amazambane asikiwe, (c) izimpande ze-chicory, (d) imifino engathengiswa endalini kanye (e) namabhulokhi e-agar. Njengezilawuli.
Ukwakheka kwezibungu eziphakelayo nezikelemu zokudla kwanqunywa izikhathi ezintathu (n = 3). Ukuhlaziywa okusheshayo, ukwakheka kwamaminerali, okuqukethwe kwensimbi enzima kanye nokwakheka kwe-fatty acid kwahlolwa. Isampula ye-homogenized engu-250 g yathathwa ezibungwini eziqoqiwe nezilambile, zomiswa ku-60°C kuya esisindweni esingaguquki, phansi (IKA, Tube mill 100) futhi yahlungwa ngesisefo esingu-1 mm. Amasampula omisiwe ayevalwa ezitsheni ezimnyama.
Okuqukethwe kwe-dry matter (DM) kwanqunywa ngokomisa amasampula kuhhavini ku-105°C amahora angu-24 (Memmert, UF110). Iphesenti lento eyomile ibalwe ngokusekelwe ekuncipheni kwesisindo sesampula.
Okuqukethwe komlotha ongahluziwe (CA) kwanqunywa ukulahlekelwa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokusha esithandweni somlilo (i-Nabertherm, L9/11/SKM) engu-550°C amahora angu-4.
Okuqukethwe kwamafutha aluhlaza noma ukukhishwa kwe-diethyl ether (EE) kwenziwa nge-petroleum ether (bp 40–60 °C) kusetshenziswa imishini yokukhipha i-Soxhlet. Cishe i-10 g yesampula yafakwa ekhanda lokukhipha futhi yambozwa ngoboya be-ceramic ukuvimbela ukulahleka kwesampula. Amasampula akhishwe ngobusuku obubodwa nge-150 ml petroleum ether. I-extract yapholiswa, i-solvent yemvelo yakhishwa futhi yatholwa ngokuhwamuka kwe-rotary (Büchi, R-300) ku-300 mbar no-50 °C. I-lipid engahluziwe noma izingcaphuno ze-ether zipholile futhi zikalwa ngebhalansi yokuhlaziya.
Okuqukethwe kwe-crude protein (CP) kwanqunywa ngokuhlaziya i-nitrogen ekhona kusampula kusetshenziswa indlela ye-Kjeldahl BN EN ISO 5983-1 (2005). Sebenzisa izici ezifanele ze-N ukuya ku-P ukuze ubale okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni. Ukuze uthole ukudla okomile okujwayelekile (i-bran kakolweni) sebenzisa inani eliphelele elingu-6.25. Ekusakazeni okuseceleni kusetshenziswa i-factor engu-4.2366 kanye nezingxube zemifino kusetshenziswa isici esingu-4.3967. Iprotheyini engahluziwe yezibungu ibalwa kusetshenziswa i-N kuya ku-P factor engu-5.3351.
Okuqukethwe kwe-fiber kufaka phakathi ukuzimisela kwe-neutral detergent fiber (NDF) okusekelwe ku-Gerhardt extraction protocol (ukuhlaziywa kwe-fiber manual ezikhwameni, uGerhardt, eJalimane) kanye nendlela ye-van Soest 68. Ukuze uthole ukuzimisela kwe-NDF, isampula engu-1 g yafakwa esikhwameni sefayibha esikhethekile (i-Gerhardt, isikhwama se-ADF/NDF) esinomugqa wengilazi. Izikhwama zefiber ezigcwaliswe amasampuli zaqale zancishiswa nge-petroleum ether (iphuzu elibilayo elingu-40–60 °C) bese zomiswa ekamelweni lokushisa. Isampula encishisiwe yakhishwa ngesisombululo sefayibha engathathi hlangothi equkethe i-α-amylase eqinile ekushiseni ekushiseni kwehora elingu-1.5. Amasampula abe esegezwa kathathu ngamanzi abilayo abilisiwe bese omiswa ku-105 °C ngobusuku bonke. Izikhwama ze-fiber ezomile (eziqukethe izinsalela ze-fiber) zikalwa kusetshenziswa ibhalansi yokuhlaziya (i-Sartorius, P224-1S) bese zishiswa esithandweni somlilo (Nabertherm, L9/11/SKM) ku-550 ° C amahora angu-4. Umlotha uphinde wakalwa futhi okuqukethwe kwefayibha kwabalwa ngokusekelwe ekuncipheni kwesisindo phakathi kokumiswa nokushiswa kwesampula.
Ukuze sinqume okuqukethwe kwe-chitin yezibungu, sasebenzisa iphrothokholi eguquliwe esekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-fiber eluhlaza ngu-van Soest 68. Isampula engu-1 g yafakwa esikhwameni sefayibha esikhethekile (Gerhardt, CF Bag) kanye nesivalo sengilazi. Amasampuli ayepakishwe ezikhwameni zefiber, acoliswa ku-petroleum ether (c. 40–60 °C) futhi omisiwe emoyeni. Isampula encishisiwe yaqale yakhishwa ngesisombululo esine-asidi esingu-0.13 M sulfuric acid ekushiseni okubilayo kwemizuzu engama-30. Isikhwama se-fiber ekhishwayo esiqukethe isampula sagezwa kathathu ngamanzi abilayo enziwe i-deionized sabe sesikhishwa ngesisombululo se-potassium hydroxide esingu-0.23 M amahora angu-2. Isikhwama sefayibha yokukhipha esiqukethe isampula siphinde sahlanzwa kathathu ngamanzi abilayo enziwe i-deionized futhi somiswa ku-105°C ngobusuku bonke. Isikhwama esomile esiqukethe insalela yefayibha salinganiswa kubhalansi yokuhlaziya futhi sashiswa esithandweni somlilo esingu-550°C amahora angu-4. Umlotha ukalwe futhi okuqukethwe kwefayibha kwabalwa ngokusekelwe ekuncipheni kwesisindo sesampula eshisiwe.
Ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwama-carbohydrate ibaliwe. Ukugxila kwe-non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) kokuphakelayo kubalwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-NDF, futhi ukugxiliswa kwezinambuzane kubalwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-chitin.
I-pH ye-matrix yanqunywa ngemva kokukhishwa ngamanzi a-deionized (1:5 v/v) ngokuya nge-NBN EN 15933.
Amasampula alungiswa njengoba kuchazwe nguBroeckx et al. Amaphrofayili amaminerali anqunywe kusetshenziswa i-ICP-OES (Optima 4300™ DV ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, MA, USA).
Izinsimbi ezisindayo i-Cd, i-Cr ne-Pb zahlaziywa nge-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Thermo Scientific, ICE 3000 series, ifakwe i-GFS furnace autosampler). Cishe u-200 mg wesampula ugaywe ku-acidic HNO3/HCl (1:3 v/v) kusetshenziswa ama-microwaves (CEM, MARS 5). Ukugaya i-Microwave kwenziwa ku-190 ° C imizuzu engu-25 ku-600 W. Nciphisa i-extract ngamanzi a-ultrapure.
Ama-fatty acids anqunywa i-GC-MS (Agilent Technologies, 7820A GC uhlelo olunomtshina ongu-5977 E MSD). Ngokwendlela ka-Joseph no-Akman70, isixazululo esingu-20% se-BF3/MeOH sengezwe kusixazululo se-methanolic KOH kanye ne-fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yatholwa ekukhishweni kwe-ether ngemva kwe-esterification. Ama-fatty acids angabonakala ngokuqhathanisa izikhathi zawo zokugcinwa namazinga angu-37 FAME (Chemical Lab) noma ngokuqhathanisa i-MS spectra yawo namalabhulali aku-inthanethi afana nesizindalwazi se-NIST. Ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi kwenziwa ngokubala indawo ephakeme njengephesenti lengqikithi yendawo ephakeme yechromatogram.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-JMP Pro 15.1.1 evela kwa-SAS (Buckinghamshire, UK). Ukuhlola kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwendlela eyodwa yokuhluka ngezinga elibalulekile lika-0.05 kanye ne-Tukey HSD njengokuhlolwa kwe-post hoc.
I-bioaccumulation factor (BAF) yabalwa ngokuhlukanisa ukuhlushwa kwezinsimbi ezinzima ku-mealy worm larval biomass (DM) ngokugxila kokuphakelayo okumanzi (DM) 43. I-BAF enkulu kuno-1 ikhombisa ukuthi izinsimbi ezisindayo ziqoqwa ekuphakeleni okumanzi ezibungwini.
Amasethi edatha akhiqizwe kanye/noma ahlaziywa phakathi nocwaningo lwamanje ayatholakala kumbhali ohambelanayo uma kunesicelo esifanele.
Umnyango Wezizwe Ezihlangene Wezindaba Zomnotho Nezenhlalakahle, Uphiko Lwabantu. Amathemba Omhlaba Wabantu 2019: Okuvelele (ST/ESA/SER.A/423) (2019).
Cole, MB, Augustine, MA, Robertson, MJ, and Manners, JM, Isayensi yokuphepha kokudla. I-NPJ Sci. Ukudla 2018, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-018-0021-9 (2018).
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-19-2024